Bulletin N°
1101
“I … for Icarus”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqRE60IgHYg
V.O.
(1:57:30)
or
https://m.ok.ru/video/1313228786201
(2:08:36)
with English subtitles
by
Henri Verneuil and Didier Decoin
1979
The
film's plot is based on the Kennedy assassination and subsequent investigation.
This film, starring Yves Montand, Michel Albertini, and
Roland Amstutz , begins with the assassination of
President Marc Jarry, who is about to be inaugurated
for a second six-year term of office. Henri Volney,
state attorney and member of the commission charged with investigating the
assassination (based on the Warren Commission) refuses to agree to the
commission's final findings. The film portrays the initial controversy about
this, as well as Volney and his staff's reopening of
the investigation.
+
Commentary
Contemporary Update: from "SolutionsWatch"
National Citizen's Inquiry
Subject : “Après moi, le déluge.”
Grenoble
May Day, 2023
Dear Colleagues and Friends of
CEIMSA,
We began our presentation of Thorstein Veblen’s classic 1914 study, The Instinct of Workmanship on April 10 with Ceimsa Bulletin N°1098. The final two
chapters of this book examine the state of industrial arts in modern times, specifically
in the setting of early modern Europe.
The
Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGES
CHAPTER I Introductory………………………………………..…………………………………...….......….………... i
CHAPTER II Contamination of
Instincts in Primitive Technology ……………….………......…....…. 38
CHAPTER III The Savage State of the
Industrial Arts …………………………….….....…….....….……… 103
CHAPTER IV The Technology of the
Predatory Culture ………………………………......…....…..….… 138
CHAPTER V Ownership and the Competitive
System ………………………….....…......…………..….. 187
CHAPTER VI The
Era of Handicraft ……………………………………………….....….……….....….….…....… 231
CHAPTER VII The Machine Industry
……………………………………………………….…........……...….….. 299
We have seen already in chapter 5
how Veblen approaches “a genetic account of economic life,” suggesting that
natural human instincts gave rise to social institutions from earliest times
and that since the Neolithic era, institutions have changed according to how
these instincts have been “contaminated” by the institutions themselves. Thus
we see the early political economy of humankind evolve from what Marxists have
called “primitive communism” into various economic forms (principally that of
slavery, in antiquity; feudalism, in the middle ages;
mercantile capitalism, in early modern times; and industrial capitalism, in the
modern era.) Veblen’s theory presupposes that our species is endowed with
certain genetic traits that are vulnerable to provisional influences by given social
and political environments. However these de jure changes in the social environment
do not permanently alter the genetically acquired instincts, which are simply
repressed to conform to newly adopted social laws imposed by new institutions.
While de facto human genetic instincts are necessarily repressed to
achieve survival in new social environments, these instincts were actively at
play in earliest times and served to facilitate the survival of the species in
the “savage” period of our prehistory. These instincts remain part of our
genetic makeup; they include the need to create useful products for the community
in which we live and the need to be socially recognized for our efficient contributions
by the community in which we live and work.
These instincts are the hallmark trait of our species, and, despite
their being contaminated by the generations of institution building imposed on
societies over the millennia, they remain present, like all inherited traits,
in our biological composition. The equivalent phenomenon that comes to mind is
the image of eating at a sumptuous banquet with a rag tied around our tongue.
The potential of fulfillment is suppressed by a conventional construct that is
imposed on us by eons of adaptive behavior to institutional requirements.
At this point, in chapter 4,
Veblen describes the formation of new social classes and other institutional
changes that developed over time in early modern Europe and which served to
further “contaminate” the de facto human instincts and create de jure
individual rights based on socially sanctioned inequalities, in violation of “an
assumed human propensity for activity tailored to the efficient achievement of
a goal.”
The author introduces this
discussion of “The Era of Handicraft” by differentiating the state formations in
early modern history.
Owing, probably, to the peculiar topography of
Europe, small-scale and broken, the pastoral-predatory culture has never been
fully developed or naturalised in this region; nor
has a monarchy of the great type characteristic of western Asia ever run its
course in Europe. The nearest approach to such a despotic state would be the Roman
Empire; which was after all essentially Mediterranean, largely Levantine,
rather than peculiarly European. And owing probably to the same conditioning limitations
of topography the subsequent sequence of institutional phenomena have also been
characteristically different in this European region from that in the large and
fertile lands of the near East. It is necessarily this run of events in the
Western culture that is of chief interest to the present inquiry; which will
therefore most conveniently follow the historical outlines of this culture in
its later phases, in so far as these outlines are to be drawn in economic terms
of a large generality.
In a passably successful fashion the peoples of Christendom made the transition
from a frankly predatory and servile establishment, in the Dark Ages, to a settled,
quasi-peaceable situation resting on fairly secure property rights, chiefly in
land, by the close of the Middle Ages. This transition
was accompanied by a growth of handicraft, itinerant merchandising and
industrial towns, so massive as to outlive and displace the feudal system under
whose tutelage it took its rise, and of so marked a technological character as
to have passed into history as the ''era of handicraft." Technologically, this
era is marked by an ever advancing growth of craftsmanship; until it passes
over into the regime of the machine industry when its technology had finally
outgrown those limitations of handicraft and petty trade that gave it its
character as a distinct phase of economic history. In its beginning the
handicraft system was made up of impecunious craftsmen, working in severalty
and working for a livelihood, and the rules of the craft-gilds that presently
took shape and exercised control were drawn on that principle. The petty trade which
characteristically runs along with the development of handicraft was carried on
after the same detail fashion and was presently organised
on lines afforded by the same principle of work for a livelihood.
The characteristic traits of this era are the handicraft industry and the petty
trade which handled the output of that industry, with the trade gradually
coming into a position of discretionary management, and even dominating the
industry of the craftsmen to such an extent that by the date when the
technology of handicraft begins to give way to the factory organisation
and the machine industry the workmen are already somewhat fully under the
control of the businessmen. Visibly, the ruling cause of thi§ change hx the relations between the craftsmen on the one hand and
the traders and master-employers on the other hand was the increasing magnitude
of the material means necessary to the pursuit of industry, due to such a
growth of technology as required an ever
larger, more finished and more costly complement of appliances. So that in the
course of the era of handicraft the ancient relation between owners and workmen
gradually re-established itself within the framework of the new technology;
with the difference that the owners in whose hands the discretion now lay, and
to whose gain the net output of industry now inured, were the businessmen,
investors, the owners of the industrial plant and of the apparatus of trade,
instead of as formerly the owners of the soil.
Under the handicraft system, and to the extent to which that system shaped the
situation, the instinct of workmanship again came into a dominant position among
the factors that made up the discipline of daily life and so gave their
characteristic bent to men's habits of thought. In the technology of handicraft
the central fact is always the individual workman, whether in the crafts proper
or in the petty trade. In that era industry is conceived in terms of the skill,
initiative and application of the trained individual, and human relations
outside of the workshop tend also by force of habit to be conceived in similar
terms of self-sufficient individuals, each working out his own ends in
severalty.
The position of the craftsman in the economy of that time is peculiarly suited
to induce a conception of the individual workman as a creative agent standing
on his own bottom, and as an ultimate, irreducible factor in the community's
makeup. He draws on the resources of his own person alone; neither his ancestry
nor the favour of his neighbours
have visibly yielded him anything beyond an equivalent for work done; he owes nothing to inherited wealth or prerogative, and he is
bound in no relation of landlord or tenant to the soil. With his slight outfit
of tools he is ready and competent of his own motion to do the work that lies
before him, and he asks nothing but an even chance to do what he is fit to do.
Even the training which has given him his finished skill he has come by through
no special favour or advantage, having given an
equivalent for it all in the work done during his apprenticeship and so having
to all appearance acquired it by his own force and diligence. The common stock
of technological knowledge underlying all special training was at that time
still a sufficiently simple and obvious matter, so that it was readily acquired
in the routine of work, without formal application to the learning of it; and
any indebtedness to the community at large or to past generations for such
common stock of information would therefore not be sufficiently apparent to
admit of its disturbing the craftsman's naive appraisal of his productive
capacity in the simple and complacent terms of his own person.
The man who does things, who is creatively occupied with fashioning things for
use, is the central fact in the scheme of things under the handicraft system,
and the range of concepts by use of which the technological problems of that
era are worked out is limited by the habit of mind so induced in those who have
the work in hand and in those who see it done. The discipline of the crafts
inculcates the apprehension of mechanical facts and processes in terms of
workmanlike endeavour and achievement; so that
questions as to what forces are available for use, and of how to turn them to
account, present themselves in terms of muscular force and manual dexterity.
Mechanical appliances for use in industry are designed and worked out as
contrivances to facilitate or to abridge manual labour,
and it is in terms of labour that the whole industrial
system is conceived and its incidence, value and output rated.
Such a fashion of conceiving the operations and appliances of industry seems at
the same time to fall in closely with men's natural bent as given by the native
instinct of workmanship; and fostered by the consistent drift of daily routine
under the handicraft system this attitude grew into matter of course, and has
continued to direct men's thinking on industrial matters even long after the
era of handicraft has passed and given place to the factory system and the
large machine industry. So much so that throughout the nineteenth century, in economic
speculations as well as in popular speech, the mechanical plant employed in
industry has habitually been spoken of as “labour
saving devices;” even such palpable departures from the manual workmanship of handicraft
as the power loom, the smelting furnace, artificial waterways and highways, the
steam engine and telegraphic apparatus, have been so classed.
There need be no question but that these phenomena of the machine era will bear
such an interpretation; the point of interest here is that such an
interpretation should have been resorted to and should have commended
itself as adequate and satisfactory when applied to these mechanical facts whose
effective place in technology and in its bearing on the economy of human life
has turned out to be so widely different from that range of manual operations
with which it is so sought to assimilate them.(**)
___________
** NOTE:
A classic passage of Adam Smith shows this handicraft conception of the
mechanics of industry: "The annual labour of
every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries
and conveniences of life which it annually consumes. ..." "But this
proportion [of the produce to the consumers] must in every nation be regulated
by two different circumstances; first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment
with which its labour is generally applied; and,
secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in
useful labour, and that of those who are not so
employed." Wealth of Nations, Introduction (p.
I).
Adam Smith consistently speaks of industry in terms of manual workmanship, as
the traditions and the continued habitual outlook of that generation unavoidably
led him to do; and the sweeping way in which his interpretation of economic
life finds acceptance with his contemporaries shows that in so doing he is
speaking in full consonance with the prevailing conceptions of his time. He
writes during the opening passages of the machine era, but he speaks in terms
of the past industrial era, from which his outlook on the economic situation
and his conception of normal economic relations had been derived. It may be
added that his conception of natural liberty in economic matters is similarly
derived from the traditional situation, whose discipline during the later
phases of the handicraft era inculcated freedom of ownership as applied to the workman's
product and freedom of bargain and sale as touches the traffic of the typical
petty trader. And so thoroughly had this manner of conceiving industry and the
economic situation been worked into the texture of men's thinking, that the
same line of interpretation continues to satisfy economic theory for a hundred
years after Adam Smith had formulated this canon of economic doctrine, and
after the situation to which it would apply had been put out by the machine
industry and large business management.
The discipline of the handicraft industry enforces an habitual apprehension of mechanical forces and processes in
terms of manual workmanship, - muscular force and craftsmanlike
manipulation. This discipline touches first, and most intimately and
coercively, the classes engaged in the manual work of industry, but it also necessarily
pervades the community at large and gathers in its net all individuals and
classes who have to do with the facts of industry, near or remote. It gives its
specific character to the habits of fife of the community that lives under its
dispensation and by its means, and so it acts as an overruling formative guide
in shaping the current habits of thought.
The consequences of this habitual attitude, for the technology of the machine
era that presently follows, are worth noting. The mechanical inventions and
expedients that lead over from the era of handicraft, through what has been
called the industrial revolution, to the later system of large industry, bear the marks of their handicraft origin. The
early devices of the machine industry are uniformly contrivances for performing
by mechanical means the same motions which the craftsmen in the given
industries performed by hand and by man power; in great part, indeed, they set
out with being contrivances to enable the workmen to perform the same manual
operation in duplicate or multiple—(as in the early spinning and weaving
machinery) or to perform a given operation with larger effect than was possible
to the unaided muscular work (as in the beginnings of steam power). In their
beginnings the new mechanical appliances are conceived as improved tools, which
extend the reach and pov/er
of the workman or which facilitate or lighten the manual operations in which he
spends himself. They are, as they aim to be, labour
saving devices, designed to further the workmanlike efficiency of the men in
whose hands they are placed. The early history of steam power shows how closely
this workmanlike conception limited the range of invention.
It was first employed to pump water out of mines. In this use the pressure of the
air on a piston, in a low-pressure cylinder, was brought to bear on a lever so suspended
as to yield formally the same motion as a like lever previously moved by human
muscle. After a long interval, sufficiently long to make the use of this intermittent
pressure and the resulting reciprocating motion familiar and impersonal in
men's habitual apprehension, the reciprocating motion was turned to use to produce
a rotary motion,—after the fashion suggested by the treadle of a lathe or
spinning wheel, which was already familiar enough to have been divested of something
of that fog of personality that had doubtless surrounded it at its first
invention.(**) The next serious move in the development of the steam engine is
the invention of the automatic valves, for admission and escape of steam from
the cylinder. According to the ancient myth, a boy whose work it was to shift
the valves by hand, contrived to connect them by cords with the moving parts of
the machine in such a way as to lift them at the proper moment by the motion of
the machine itself; so making the machine perform what had in the original
concept of the valve mechanism been a manual operation. Later still, after the
due interval for externalisation and assimilation of
this mechanical valve movement as an impersonal fact of the machine process, further
improvement and elaboration of the elements so gained has worked out in the
highly finished mechanism familiar to later times.
_______
**NOTE: The case of the treadle applied to the
production of rotary motion is typical of what happens to a technological
element of the general class here under discussion. Such a new technological
expedient appears at the outset to be apprehended in terms of manual
workmanship; but presently it comes, through habitual use, to take its place as
a mechanical functioning of the tools in whose use it takes effect,—to be
associated in current apprehension with the mechanical appliances employed in
its production and, by so much, dissociated from the person of the workman.
In a measure, therefore, it falls into the category of impersonal facts that are
available as technological raw material with which to go about the work in
hand. With further use, and particularly with the interjection of further
mechanical expedients between the workman and this given technological element,
it will be conceived in progressively more objective fashion, as a fact of the
mechanics of brute matter rather than an extension of the workman's manual
reach; until it passes finally into the category of mechanical fact simply,
obvious and commonplace through routine use; in which there remains but a
vanishing residue of imputed personality, such as attaches to all conceptions
of action. The given technological element in this way may be said to pass by
degrees out of the workman's "quasi-personal fringe" of manual
effects, into the domain of raw material available for use in workmanship;
where it will, in apprehension, be possessed of only such imputed
quasi-personal or anthropomorphic characteristics as are necessarily imputed to
external facts at large.
Concretely, the concept of the treadle seems in its beginnings to be a variant
of the same conception that leads to the use of the bow-drill.
Both inventions comprise at least two distinct forms. In each the simpler and
presumably more primitive form converts a reciprocating longitudinal motion
into a reciprocating rotary motion; and it is apparently only after an interval
of familiarity and externalisation of this mechanical
achievement that the next move takes place in the direction of the perfected
treadle, which converts a reciprocating longitudinal into a continuous rotary
motion.
Detail scrutiny of any one of the greater mechanical
inventions, or series of inventions, will bring out something of the same
character as is seen in the sequence of successive gains that make up the
history of the steam engine. It is to be noted in this connection that time appears
to be of the essence of the process of mechanical invention in any field; so
much so, indeed, that it will commonly be found that any single inventor contributes
but one radical innovation in any one particular connection; which may then
presently be taken up again as a securely objective element by a later inventor
and pushed forward by a new move as radical as that to which this original
invention owed its origin. This time interval which plays such a part in
mechanical inventions appears necessary only as an interval of habituation, for
the due externalisation of the element, to relieve
it, by neglect, of the personal equation with which it is contaminated as it
first comes into use, and so to leave it such an objective concept as may be
turned to account as mere technological raw material.
It appears, then, that the accumulation of technological experience is not of
itself sufficient to bring out a consecutive improvement of the industrial
arts, particularly not such an advance in the industrial arts as is embodied in
the machine technology of late-modern times. In this modern machine technology
the ruling norm is the highly impersonal, not to say brutal, concept of mechanical
process, blind and irresponsible. The logic of this technology, accordingly, is
the logic of the machine process,—a logic of masses,
velocities, strains and thrusts, not of personal dexterity, tact, training, and
routine. In the degree in which the information that comes to hand comes
encumbered with a teleological bias, a connotation of personal bent, it is
unavailable or refractory under this logic. But all new information is infused
with such an anthropomorphic colouring of personality;
which may presently decay and give place to a more objective habitual
apprehension of the facts in case use and wont play
up the mechanical character and bearing of these facts in subsequent experience
of them; or which may on the other hand end by giving its definitive character
and value to the acquired information in case it should happen that the facts
of experience are by use and wont bent to an habitual anthropomorphic rating
and employment. To serve the needs of this machine technology, therefore, the
information which accumulates must in some measure be divested of its naive
personal colouring by use and wont; and the degree in
which this effect is had is a measure of the degree of availability of the
resulting facts for the uses of the machine technology. The larger the
available body of information of this character, and the more comprehensive and
unremitting the share taken by the discipline of the machine process in the
routine of daily life, therefore, the greater, other things equal, will be the
rate of advance in the technological mastery of mechanical facts.
But much else goes to the makeup of use and wont besides the routine of
industry and the ultilisation of those mechanical
processes and that output of goods which the modern machine industry places at
men's disposal. To put the same thing in terms already employed in another
connection, the sense of workmanship is still subject to contamination with
other impulsive elements of human nature working under the constraining Limitations
imposed by divers conventional canons and principles of conduct; besides being
constantly subject to self-contamination in the way of an anthropomorphic interpretation
that construes the facts of experience in terms of a craftsmanlike
bent.
As bearing on the effectual reach of this
self-contamination of the sense of workmanship it is pertinent to recall that
craftsmanship ran within a class, and so had the benefit of that accentuated
sentiment of self-complacency that comes of class consciousness. From its
beginnings down to the period of its dissolution the handicraft industry is an
affair of the lower classes; and, as is well known, class feeling runs strong
throughout the era, particularly through the centuries of its best development.
Whether their conceit is wholly a naive self-complacency or partly a product of
affectation, the sentiment is well in evidence and marks the attitude of the
handicraft community with a characteristic bias.
The craftsmen habitually rate themselves as serviceable members of the
community and contrast themselves in this respect with the other orders of
society who are not occupied with the production of things serviceable for
human use. To the creative workman who makes things with his hands belongs an
efficiency and a merit of a peculiarly substantial and definitive kind, he is
the type and embodiment of efficiency and serviceability.
The other orders of society and other employments of time and effort may of
course be well enough in their way, but they lack that substantial ground of
finality which the craftsman in his genial conceit arrogates to himself and his
work. And so good a case does the craftsman make out on this head, and so
convincingly evident is the efficiency of the skilled workman, and so patent is
his primacy in the industrial community, that by the close of the era much the
same view has been accepted by all orders of society.
Such a bias pervading the industrial community must greatly fortify the native
bent to construe all facts of observation in anthropomorphic terms. But the
training given by the petty trade of the handicraft era, on the other hand, is
not altogether of this character. The itinerant merchant's huckstering, as well
as the buying and selling in which all members of the community were concerned,
would doubtless throw the personal strain into the foreground and would act to
keep the self-regarding sentiments alert and active and accentuate an individualistic
appreciation of men and things. But the habit of rating things in terms of
price has no such tendency, and the price concept gains ground throughout the
period. Wherever the handicraft system reaches a fair degree of development the
daily hfe of the community comes to centre about the
market and to take on the character given by market relations. The volume of
trade grows greater, and purchase and sale enter more thoroughly into the
details of the work to be done and of the livelihood to be got by this work.
The price system comes into the foreground. With the increase of traffic, book-keeping
comes into use among the merchants; and as fast as the practice of habitual
recourse to the market grows general, the uncommercial
classes also become familiar with the rudimentary conceptions of bookkeeping,
even if they do not make much use of formal accounts in their own daily
affairs.
The logic and concepts of accountancy are wholly impersonal and dispassionate;
and whether men's use of its logic and concepts takes the elaborate form of a set
of books or the looser fashion of an habitual rating
of gains, losses, income, and outgo in terms of price, its effect is
unavoidably in some degree to induce a statistical habit of mind. It makes
immediately for an exact quantitative apprehension of all things and relations
that have a pecuniary bearing; and more remotely, by force of the pervasive
effect of habituation, it makes for a greater readiness to apprehend all facts
in a similarly objective and statistical fashion, in so far as the facts admit
of a quantitative rating.
Accountancy is the beginning of statistics, and the
price concept is a type of the objective impersonal, quantitative apprehension
of things. Coincidently, because they do not lend themselves to this facile
rating, facts that will not admit of a quantitative statement and statistical
handling decline in men's esteem, considered as facts, and tend in some degree
to lose the cogency which belongs to empirical reality. They may even come to
be discounted as being of another order of reality, or may even be denied factual
value.
Doubtless, the price system had much to do with the rise of the machine technology
in modern times; not only in that the accountancy of price offered a practical
form and method of statistical computation, such as is indispensable to
anything that may fairly be classed as engineering, but also and immediately
and substantially in that its discipline has greatly conduced to the apprehension
of mechanical facts in terms not coloured by an
imputed anthropomorphic bent. It has probably been the most powerful factor
acting positively in early modem times to divest mechanical facts of that
imputed workmanlike bent given them by habits of thought induced by the
handicrafts.
This reduction of the facts of observation to quantitative and objective terms
is perhaps most visible not in the changes that come over the technology of industry
directly, in early modern times, but rather in that growth of material science
that runs along as a concomitant of the expansion of the mechanical industry
during the later era of handicraft. The material sciences, particularly those
occupied with mechanical phenomena, are closely related to the technology of
the mechanical industries, both in their subject matter and in the scope and
method of the systematisation of knowledge at which
they aim; and it is in these material sciences that the concomitance is best
seen, at the same time that it is the advance achieved in these sciences that
most unequivocally marks the transition from mediaeval to modern habits of
thought. This modern interest in matter-of-fact knowledge and the consequent
achievements in material science, comes to an
effectual head wherever and so soon, as the handicraft industry has made a
considerable advance, in volume and in technological mastery, sufficient to
support a fair volume of trade and make thoughtful men passably familiar with the
statistical conceptions of the price system.
It is accordingly in the commercial republics of Italy that the modern growth
of material science takes its first start, about the point of time when
industry and commerce had reached their most flourishing state on the Mediterranean
seaboard and when the attention of these communities was already swinging off
from these material interests to high-handed politics and religious reaction.
The higher interests of church and state came to the front, and science,
industry, and presently commerce dwindled and decayed in the land that had
promised so handsomely to lead Western civilisation
out of the underbrush of piety and princely intrigue.
Next followed the Low Countries, with the south German industrial centres, where again industry of the handicraft order grew
great, gave rise to trade on a rapidly increasing scale, and presently to an
era of business enterprise of unprecedented spirit and scope. But the age of the
Fuggers closed in bankruptcy and industrial collapse when
the princely wrangles of the era of statemaking had
used up the resources of the industrial community and exhausted the credit of
that generation of captains of industry. Here too religious contention came in
for its share in the set-back of industry and commerce. In their economic
outlines the two cases are very much of the same kind. Central Europe ran
through much the same cycle of industrial growth, commercial enterprise, princely
ambitions, dynastic wars, religious fanaticism, exhaustion and insecurity, and
industrial collapse and decay,—substantially repeating, on an enlarged scale and
with much added detail, the sequence that had brought South Europe into
arrears. Meantime the material sciences had come forward again in the West, and
flourished at the hands of the Netherlanders, South Germans and French
scholars, who under the favouring discipline of this
new advance in industry and commerce had slowly come abreast of the same
matter-of-fact conceptions that had once made Italy the home of modern science.
And here again, as before, princely politics, with the attendant war, exactions
and insecurity, followed presently by religious controversies and persecutions,
not only put an end to the advance of industry and business but also checked
the attendant development of science nearly to a standstill.
So that when a further move of the kind is presently made it is the British
community that takes the lead. Great Britain had been in arrears in all those
respects that make up civilisation of the Occidental
kind, and not least in the material respect; until the time when the peoples of
the Continent by their own act fell into the rear in respect of those material
interests—technology and business enterprise—which afford the material ground
out of which the Occidental type of civilization has grown. In Great Britain
the sequence of these cultural phenomena has not been substantially different, taken
by and large, from that which had previously been run through by the
Continental communities; except that the same outcome was not reached,
apparently because the sequence was not interrupted by collapse at the same
critical point in the development.
The run of events under the handicraft system in England differs in certain
consequential features from that among the Continental peoples,—consequential for
the purposes of this inquiry, whether of similarly grave consequence from the
point of view given by any other and larger interest. These peculiar traits of
the British era of handicraft yield a side light on the methods and reach of
the handicraft discipline as a factor in civilisation
at large, at the same time that a consideration of them should go to show how
slender an initial difference may come to be decisive of the outcome in case
circumstances give this initial difference a cumulative effect.
As regards the ultimately substantial grounds of the British situation, in the
way of racial make-up, natural resources, and cultural antecedents, the British
community has no singular advantage or disadvantage as against its Continental
competitors. What is true of England in respect of peculiarly favourable natural resources later on, about and after the
close of the era of handicraft, does not hold for the
beginnings or the best days of that era. Racially there is no appreciable difference
between the English population of that time and the population of the Low
Countries, of the Scandinavian peninsulas, or even of the nearer lying German territories;
and no markedly characteristic national type of temperament had at that time
been developed in Great Britain, as against the temperamental make-up of its Continental
neighbours,—whatever may be conceived to have become
the case in the nearer past.
The characteristic, and apparently decisive,
peculiarities of the British situation may all confidently be traced to the
insular position of the country. Owing to the isolation so given to the Island
the British community was notably in arrears in early modern times, as
contrasted with the more cultured, populous and wealthier peoples of the
Continent; and this backward state of England in the earlier period of the era
of handicraft is no less marked in respect of technology than in any other. As
is well known, England borrowed extensively and persistently from its
Continental neighbours throughout the era, and it was
only by help of these borrowed elements that the English were able to overtake
and finally to take the lead of their competitors. Similarly, the British
commercial development also comes on late as compared with the Continent; so
much so that the British had substantially no share in the great expansion of business
enterprise that has been called the Age of the Fuggers.
This late start of the English, coupled with their peculiar advantage in being
able to borrow what their neighbours had worked out,
conduced to a more rapid rate and shorter run of industrial advance and expansion
in the Island, and so, among other consequences, hindered the rounded system of
handicraft, industrial towns, and gild organisation
from attaining the same degree of finality, and ultimately of obstructive
inertia, that resulted in many of the Continental countries.
Again, owing to the same geographic isolation that long held England culturally
in arrears, the English community lay, in great measure, outside of that political
"concert of nations" that worked out the exhaustion and collapse of
industry and business on the Continent.
Not that the English took no interest in the grand whirl of politics and
princely war that occupied the main body of Christendom in that time. The
English crown, or to use a foreign expression, the English State, was deeply enough
implicated in the political intrigues of late mediaeval and early modern
Europe; but as modern time has advanced the English community has visibly hung
back with an ever growing reluctance. And whatever may be conceived to be the
share of the English crown in the political complications of the Continent, it
remains true that the English community at large, during the mature and
concluding phases of the era of handicraft, stood mainly and habitually outside
of these princely concerns.(**) In effect, after the handicraft era was well
under way, England is never for long or primarily engaged in international war,
nor, except for the civil war of the Commonwealth period, in destructive war of
any kind. Hence the era runs to a different outcome in England from what it
does elsewhere. It ends not in the exhaustion of politics, but in the
industrial revolution. The close of the handicraft system in England comes by
way of a technological revolution, not by collapse.
______
**NOTE: The adventures of Charles I and James II
sufficiently illustrate this insular temper of the industrial and commercial
community as contrasted with the crown and the court party.
To this attempted explanation of the English case, as
due to its geographic isolation, the objection may well suggest itself that
other cases which parallel the British in this respect do not show like
results. So, for instance, the Scandinavian countries enjoyed an isolation nearly if not quite as effective as that of
Great Britain during this period of history; whereas the outcome in these countries
is notoriously not the same. The Scandinavian case, however, differs in at
least one essential respect, which seems decisive even apart from secondary
circumstances. These countries were too small to make up a self-supporting
community under the conditions required by the system of handicraft. They had
neither the population nor the natural resources on such a scale as a passably
full development of the handicraft system required. At any advanced stage of
its growth the system can work out into a self-balanced technological organisation, with full specialisation
of labour and local differentiation of industry, only
in a community of a certain (considerable) size. This condition was not met by
the Scandinavian countries. Hence they remained in a relatively backward state,
on the whole, through the handicraft era, and never reached anything like an 252
The Instinct of Workmanship independent position in the industrial world of
that time, either technologically or in point of commercial development; hence
also they failed to achieve or maintain that degree of independence, or
isolation, in their political relations that left England free to pursue a
self-directed course of material development.
At an earlier period, as, for instance, from Neolithic times down to the close
of paganism, under the slighter, less differentiated, less complex
technological conditions of a more primitive state of the industrial arts, the Scandinavian
countries had, each and several, proved large enough for a very efficient
industrial organisation; and, again, during the early
historical period they had also proved to be of a sufficient and suitable size
to make up national units of a thoroughly competent sort, autonomous
politically as well as industrially and working out their own fortunes in
severalty, —very much as the British community does later on, in the days of
the later handicraft era and the early growth of the machine industry. But
during the era of handicraft, and indeed
somewhat in a progressive fashion as the technology of that era grew to a
fuller development and required larger territorial dimensions, the Scandinavian
countries lost ground, relatively to the larger communities of Great Britain
and the Continent; in a degree they progressively lost autonomy both in the
political and the industrial respect, and much the same is to be said for their
position in point of general culture. This falling into arrears and dependence
is least marked in the case of Sweden, the largest and still passably isolated
community among them; and it is most marked in the case of Norway and Iceland,
the most isolated but at the same time the least sizable units of the
Scandinavian group. In material sciences, that most characteristic trait of the
Western culture, the case of these peoples is much the same as in the matter of
technology and cultural autonomy at large; the largest of them has the most to
show.
Great Britain, on the other hand, fulfilled the conditions of size and
isolation demanded in order to a free development of the industrial arts during
this era, when the traffic in dynastic politics stood ready to absorb all
accessible resources of industry and sentiment. And England accordingly takes
the lead when the era of handicraft goes out and that of the new technology
comes in.(pp.231-253)
Veblen continues his description
of the state of handicraft industry by looking at the discipline of skilled
labor that developed in this period and how it came to permeate the entire
culture of the pre-machine era.
What is known to economic history as the era of
handicraft is for the purposes of the political historian spoken of as the era
of statemaking. The two designations may not cover
precisely the same interval, but they coincide in a general way in point of
dates, and the phenomena which have given rise to the two designations have
much more than an accidental connection. It is not simply that the development
of handicraft happens to fall in the same general period of history that is characterised by the dynastic wars that went to the making of the larger states. The growth
of handicraft had much to do with making the large states practicable and with supplying
the material means of large-scale warfare;
while the traffic of dynastic politics in that time had in its turn very much
to do with bringing that era of industrial and commercial enterprise to an
inglorious close. The new industry supplied the sinews of war, and the wars ate
up the substance of the industrial community.
The new industry gave rise to a growth of industrial towns and commercial centres, primarily occupied by the traffic of the itinerant
traders. One of the immediate consequences of this extension of merchandising
enterprise was the improvement of means of communication, both in the way of an
extension and improvement of shipping—itself a technological fact—and in the way of improved routes of
communication. A secondary consequence was a growth of population, coupled with
its concentration in urban centres, together with a
growth of wealth, in good part drawn together in the same centres.
These changes enabled the powers in control to extend an effectual coercion
over larger distances and over larger aggregations of population and wealth; it
became practicable, mechanically, to swing a larger political aggregation and
to hold it together in closer coordination than before. The physical conditions requisite to the formation and enduring
maintenance of large political organisations were in
this way supplied by the new industrial era as an incidental result of its
technological efficiency.
More direct and obvious, though of no graver importance, is the contribution
made by the new technology to the means of coercion placed at the disposal of
the warlords, in the way of improved weapons and armour,
defences and warlike appliances. The improvements worked
out in the means of warfare during the early half of the era of handicraft
exceed in material effect and in boldness of conception all the traceable
improvements wrought in that line by all the warlike peoples of classical antiquity and all the fighting aggregations of Asia and Africa, from
the beginning of the bronze age down to modern times. The craftsmen spent their
best endeavours and their most brilliant ingenuity on
this production of arms and munitions, with the result that these articles
still lie over in the modern collections as the most finished productions of
workmanship which that era has to show. The (unintended) result at large was
that these improved appliances enabled the warlords and their fighting men to
control the industrial classes for their own ends and to levy exactions on
trade and industry up to the limit of what the traffic would bear, or perhaps
more commonly somewhat over that limit. It was, in this way, their own technological
mastery that furnished the means of their own undoing, directly (mechanically
speaking) and indirectly (in the resulting growth of warlike sentiment).
That the craftsmen went so diligently into this production of ways and means
for their own discomfort and abiding defeat is due not to any innately perverse
bent of the sense of workmanship as it comes to expression in the spirit of the
handicraft community, but rather to
the exigencies created by the price system, with its principles of self-help,—a
secondary, conventional product of the handicraft industry. As has been noted
already, with perhaps tedious iteration, there runs through the handicraft
community a high-wrought spirit of individual self-sufficiency. So soon as the
petty trade has grown to effective dimensions the individual workman comes into
somewhat direct relations with the market, and except for the collective
interest and action embodied in the gild organisations the craftsmen stand in little
else than a pecuniary relation to one another and bear little else than a
pecuniary responsibility to their fellow craftsmen or to the community. It is
the place of each to gain a livelihood by honest work through his own
individual skill and enterprise. Notoriously, the craftsmen were in effect lacking
in that sense of solidarity that makes an efficient organisation
for defence or offence; concerted action, outside the
regulative activity of the gild, was to be had only
with extreme difficulty on any other basis than individual pecuniary advantage.
Each worked for himself, with an eye steadily to the main chance. And the main
chance, from an early date in this era, meant gain in terms of price. So the
craftsman worked for such customers as would pay his price, and he spent his
skill and ingenuity on such goods as were in demand. The trade in arms and
weapons was good at that time. These appliances were a means of livelihood to
the men at arms and a means of income and prestige to their princely employers.
So the traffic went busily on, and the individual craftsmen put forth their
best efforts toward enhancing the efficiency of the ruling and fighting
classes, whose endeavours, without much collusion but
by the inevitable drift of circumstance, converged on the subjection of the
community of craftsmen at large and on the exhaustion of the community's resources.
Through its side issue in the commercial enterprise which it fostered the
handicraft industry brought to the hands of the politicians a further means of
trouble. The trade brought on the price system, and so made it possible for
ambitious princes to buy what they needed in their warlike negotiations; with
funds in hand stores and munitions could be bought where they were needed, so
enabling warlike operations to be carried on with greater facility at a greater
distance than was feasible under the earlier rule of contributions in kind. The
price system also enabled the warlords to hire mercenaries, and so to organise and maintain a standing force of skilled fighting
men, mobile and irresponsible. But to hold one's own in the competitive use of
this new arm the prince must have funds; which led incontinently to all
available manner of exactions on trade and commerce, since it was from these
sources almost solely that funds could be had. But it led also and equally to
an increasing traffic between the princes and the captains of industry, for the
use of funds. Funds had become the sinews of war, since the handicraft industry had come to turn out
goods for sale and the merchandising trade had made funds accessible in
sufficient volume to be worthwhile. So the princes dealt with the captains of
industry, selling what they could and
hypothecating what they could not sell, in a competitive struggle to outdo
one another at war and diplomacy. The game was then as always an emulative one,
in which any advantage was a differential advantage only. Hence the princes
engaged, each and several, needed all the funds they could get the use of, and
their need was ever present, not to be deferred. Hence they borrowed what they could and where they could, their borrowings being floated by the help of all
manner of expedients. Some of these fiscal expedients brought monopolistic
advantage to the captains of industry, and so contributed to
their further gain and to the concentration of wealth in fewer hands.
It will have been remarked that one of the essential moves in this sequence of
events, from the beginnings of handicraft in impecunious and self-reliant
workmanship to its eventual collapse in exhaustion, is the gradual accumulation
of commercial and industrial wealth in relatively few hands. This accumulation
of wealth, or rather its segregation in few hands, appears, as already indicated,
to have entered as a potent factor in the course of things that lead the system
of handicraft through maturity to collapse, as on the Continent, or to decay, as
in England. It will accordingly be in place to go somewhat more narrowly into
the circumstances of its beginnings and growth and the manner in which it
plays its part in the organisation of the handicraft industry.
It appears that this uneven distribution of wealth arises out of the
technological exigencies of handicraft and of the petty trade which
characteristically runs along with the handicraft industry in its early stages.
In its earliest, impecunious beginnings, handicraft as known in medieval Europe was like its congener, the manual arts of the savage and
lower barbarian peoples, in that the whole material equipment requisite to its
pursuit consisted of a skilled workman and an extremely slender kit of tools.
The tradition countenanced by historical students says that the beginnings of
the handicraft system, with its specialised industry
and trained workmanship, is due to such workmen, possessed of substantially nothing
but their own persons, who escaped in one way and another from the bonds of the manorial system, or its equivalent, and found
shelter on sufferance near some feudal protector or religious corporation that
found some advantage in this novel arrangement.
On looking into this inchoate working arrangement between
these masterless workmen and their patrons, and generalising the run of facts as may be permitted an
inquiry that aims at theoretical presentation rather
than historical description, the probable causal relation running through these
obscure events will appear somewhat as follows. It happened in Europe, as it
has happened now and again elsewhere, that the ownership of the soil in
advanced feudal times took shape as a Landed Interest living at peace and under
settled relations with the community from which they drew their livelihood and
their means of controlling the community.
Here comes the opportunity of the skilled masterless workman. The growth of wealth has provided a
place for him in the economy of the time, and having once got a foothold he and
his followers congregate in industrial towns and find a living by the work of
their hands. The point should be kept in mind in any consideration of the era
of handicraft that its beginnings are made by these "masterless
men,'' who broke away (or were broken out) from the bonds of that organisation in which the arbitrary power of the landed
interest held dominion.
By tenacious assertion of the personal rights which
they so arrogated to themselves, and at great cost and risk, they made good in
time their claim to stand as a class apart, a class of ungraded free men among
whom self-
help and individual workmanlike efficiency were the accepted grounds of repute
and of livelihood. This tradition never dies out among the organised
craftsmen until the industrial system which had so been inaugurated went under
in the turmoil of politics and finance or was supplanted by the machine era
that grew out of it. With this class-tradition of initiative and democratic autonomy
is associated, as an integral fact in the system, the concomitant tradition
that work is a means of livelihood.
In these early phases of the system the individual workman
is (typically) competent to work out his livelihood with the use of such a
slight equipment of tools as could readily be acquired in the course of his
employment. In great part, indeed, the craftsman of the early days made his
tools and appliances as he went along.
But it follows necessarily that further training in the skilled manipulations
of the crafts led to the use of improved and specialised
tools as well as to the use of larger appliances useful in the technological
processes employed, such as could scarcely be called tools in the simpler sense
of the word but would rather be classed as industrial plant. With the advance
of technology the immaterial equipment so requisite to the pursuit of industry
in the crafts increases in volume, cost and elaboration, and the processes of
industry grow extensive and complex; until it presently becomes a matter of
serious difficulty for any workman single-handed to supply the complement of
tools, appliances and materials with which his work is to be done. It then also
becomes a matter of some moment to own such wealth.
As under any earlier and simpler industrial regime,
so in this early advanced phase of the handicraft system the workman must also
have command of that immaterial equipment of technological information at large
that is current in the community, in so far as it affects his particular
occupation; and he must in addition acquire the special trained skill necessary
in his own branch of craft. The former he will, at that stage of technological
growth, still come by without particular deliberate application, in the
ordinary routine of life; it is made up of general information and familiarity
with current ways of doing, simply, and on the level of general information which
then prevailed no special training or schooling seems to have been needed to
place the young man abreast of his time. In other words, the common stock of
technological knowledge had not by that time grown so
unwieldy as to require special pains to assimilate it. As for the latter, the
special skill which would make him a craftsman, that was also accessible at the
cost of some application; but under the rules of handicraft the early
apprentice gained this trained skill at no cost beyond application to the work
in hand. But the like does not continue to hold true of the material equipment;
which presently was no longer to be compassed as a matter of course and of
routine application to the work in hand. It was becoming increasingly important
and increasingly difficult to be provided with these means with which to go to
work, and the ownership of such means gave an increasingly decisive advantage
to their owner.(pp. 268-278)
Veblen goes on to explain how
specific material conditions in this era of handicraft gave rise to the
universal notion of human rights, due to the pervasive influence that the life
style of independent skilled craftsman had on the general culture.
The circumstances of life for the common man
underwent more than one substantial change during the era of handicraft, and
these changes were not all in the same sense. The dominant note changes from
workmanship in the earlier phases of the era to pecuniary competition and political
anxiety toward the close, particularly as regards the industrial communities of
the Continent. The era is a long period of history, all told, running over some five or six centuries, from an advanced stage of the feudal
age to the eighteenth century, or to various earlier dates in those countries
where the handicraft system came to a provisional close in the era of statemaking; and the discipline of life does not run to the
same effect in the earlier of these phases of the development as in the later.
Not that handicraft ceased to be the prevailing method in the mechanical
industries of these countries when the reaction overtook them, but the technological advance had been seriously checked, and such handicraft
industry as still went on had ceased to dominate the economic situation and no
longer held the primacy among the factors that shaped the life of the
communities in question. Its place as a dominant force was taken by the new
political interests and by such commercial enterprise as still went on.
But through the centuries of its earlier growth the handicraft
industry, simply as a routine of workmanship, shaped the conditions of Hfe for the common people more pervasively and consistently
than any other one factor. Its discipline, therefore, was of protracted duration and touched the
current habits of thought in an intimate and enduring fashion; so as to leave a
large and enduring effect on the institutions of the peoples among whom it prevailed. The English-speaking community shows these effects in
a larger measure and a more evident manner than any other,—visible only in a
less degree in the Low Countries, and more equivocally in the Scandinavian
countries. These peoples had not been subjected to the handicraft discipline
for a longer time or in a more exacting fashion than their Continental neighbours, but they had on the other hand escaped the full
measure of the political activity of the era of statemaking
that did so much to neutralise the effects of the handicraft
system in the larger Continental countries.
Something has been said above of the way in which the discipline of life under
the rule of handicraft shaped and coloured men's
thinking in those materialistic sciences whose early growth runs parallel with
the technological advance in modern times. It has also been evident that this training in the manner of conceiving things for the purposes of technology
wrought certain broad changes in the theological and philosophical conceptions
that guided the inquiring spirits of the same and subsequent generations. This
effect wrought by the routine of life under the handicraft system on scientific and philosophical conceptions is of a
very pervasive character, being of the nature of an
habitual bent, an attitude or frame of mind, whose characteristic mark is the
acceptance of creative workmanship as a finality. It became an element of
common sense in the apprehension of thoughtful men whose frame of mind was
formed under the traditions of that era that creative workmanship is an ultimate, irreducible factor in the constitution of things, accepted as a
matter of course and used unsparingly and with ever-growing conviction as a terminus
a quo and ad quem.(**)
_______
**NOTE:
Seen, as indicated above, in the matter-of-course resort of the scientists to
the conception of efficient cause as a solvent of problems touching material
phenomena, as well as in the theologians' and philosophers’ resistless drift
toward creative efficiency as the ultimate term of their speculations.
Creative workmanship, fortified in ever-growing measure by the conception of
serviceability to human use, works its way gradually into the central place in
the theoretical speculations of the time, so that by the close of the era it
dominates all intellectual enterprise in the thoughtful portions of
Christendom. Hence it becomes not only the instrument of inquiry in the
sciences, but a major premise in all work of innovation and reconstruction of
the scheme of institutions. In that extensive revision of the institutional
framework that characterises modern times it is the
life of the common people, their rights and obligations, that is forever in
view, and their life is conceived in terms of craftsmanlike
industry and the petty trade. By and large, the outcome of this revision of
civil and legal matters under handicraft auspices is the system of Natural
Rights, including the concept of Natural Liberty. The whole scheme so worked out
is manifestly of the same piece with that Order of Nature and Natural Law that
dominated the inquiries of the scientists and the speculations of the
philosophers.
. . .
The scheme of Natural Rights, and of Natural
Liberty, which so emerges is of a pronounced individualistic tenor, as it
should be to answer to the scheme of experience embodied in the system of
handicraft. In the crafts, particularly during the protracted early phases of
the system, it is the individual workman, working for a livelihood by use of
his own personal force, dexterity and diligence, that stands out as the main
fact; so much so, indeed, that he appears to have stood, in the apprehension of
his time, as the sole substantial factor in the industrial organisation.
Similarly under the canon of Natural Liberty the individual is thrown on his
own devices for his life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. The craftsman by
immemorial custom traditionally disposed of his work and its product as he
chose, under the rules of his gild. He was by prescription in full possession
of what he made, subject only to the gild regulations imposed for the good of
his neighbours who were similarly placed. The most
sacred right included in the scheme of Natural Rights is that of property in
whatever wealth has been honestly acquired, subject only to the qualification
that it must not be turned to the detriment of one's fellows. In the days of
the typical handicraft system the petty trade runs along with the handicraft
industry, in such a way that every master craftsman is more or less of a
trader, disposing of his goods or services in plenary discretion, and even the
apprentices and journeymen similarly bargain for their terms of work and at
times for the disposal of their product; while the professional itinerant
trader is a member of this industrial community on much the same footing as the
craftsmen proper. So it is a secure item in the scheme of Natural Rights that
all persons not under tutelage have an indefeasible right to dispose by
purchase and sale not only of products of their own hands but of whatever items
they have come by through alienation by its producer or lawful owner. And
ownership is in natural-rights theory always to be traced back to the creative
workmanship of its first possessor.
In the sequel this natural right freely to dispose
of one's person and work, when it had found lodgment among the principles of
civil rights in the eighteenth century, contributed substantially to the
dissolution of that organ of surveillance and control that the craftsmen of an
earlier generation had instituted in the gild system. The case is but an
instance of what is continually happening and bound to happen in the field of
institutional growth. Institutional principles, such as this item of civil
rights, emerge from use and wont, resulting as a settled line of convention
from usage and custom that grow out of the exigencies of life at the time. But
use and wont is a matter of time. It takes time for habituation to attain that
secure degree of conventional recognition and authenticity that will enable it
to stand as an indefeasible principle of conduct, and by the time this consummation
is achieved it commonly happens that the exigencies which enforced the given line
of use and wont have ceased to be operative, or at least to be so imperative as
in their earlier incidence. The control which the gilds were initially designed
to exercise was a control that should leave the gildsmen
free in the pursuit of their work, subject only to a salutary surveillance and standardisation of the output, such as would maintain the
prestige of their workmanship and facilitate the disposal of the goods
produced. The initial purpose seems, in modern phrase, to have been a creation
of intangible assets for the benefits of the body of gildmen.
Under the new conditions that came to prevail when capitalistic management took
over the direction of industry these gild regulations no longer served their
purpose, but they seem on the contrary to have become an obstacle to the free
employment of skilled workmen.
A similar fortune was about the same time beginning to overtake this principle
of Natural Liberty itself, and that even in the particular bearing which seems
at the outset to have been its primary and most substantial aim. Initially, it
seems, the point of interest, and indeed of contention, was the freedom of the masterless workman to dispose of his person and workmanship
as he saw fit and as he best could and would,—to take care of his life, liberty
and pursuit of happiness without let or hindrance from persons vested with
authority or prerogative. With the passage of time, use and wont erected this
conventional rule into an inalienable right. But included with it, as an
integral extension of the powers which this inalienable right safeguarded, was
the right of purchase and sale, touching both work and its product, the right
freely to hold and dispose of property. Presently, toward the close of the
handicraft era, or more specifically in the late eighteenth century in England,
industry fell under capitalistic management. When this change had taken
passably full effect the workman was already secure in his civil (natural)
right to dispose of his workmanship as he thought best, but the circumstances of employment
under capitalistic management made it impossible for him in fact to dispose of
his work except to these employers, and very much on their terms, or to dispose
of his person except where the exigencies of their business might require him.
And the similarly inalienable right of ownership, which had similarly emerged
from use and wont under the handicraft system, but which now in effect secured
the capitalist-employer in his control of the material means of industry,—this
sacred right of property now barred out any move that might be designed to reinstate
the workman in his effective freedom to work as he chose or to dispose of his
person and product as he saw fit.(pp.283-290)
Where the handicraft economy
developed undisturbed by the feudal remnants of dynastic wars, a class
consciousness arose which successfully resisted the
fragmentation of society into survival entities to be used at the caprice of
large landowners.
The Natural Rights which so found authentication at
the hands of the jurists were of the individualistic kind which the discipline
of the handicraft system had inculcated, and the authentication found in the jus naturale does not range much beyond the
individualistic bounds so prescribed, nor are other Hues of ancient
prescription, at variance with these rights, brought at all prominently into
the light by the legal inquiries of the jurists. Whereas it is no matter of serious question that the chief bearing of the
ancient findings embodied in the code is not of this individualistic character.
The causes which brought on the modern acceptance of this scheme of Natural
Rights are a matter of use and wont,
quite distinct from that line of argument by which the jurists established them
on grounds of sufficient reason resting on ancient prescription.
The extreme tenacity of life shown by the system of Natural Eights may raise a
reasonable doubt as to the adequacy of any account that assigns their
derivation to the discipline of use and wont peculiar to any particular
cultural era, even when the era in question is of so consistent a character and
such protracted duration as the era of handicraft. What adds force to such a
question is the fact that something like these preconceptions of natural right
is not uncommon in the lower cultures. So that on the face of the returns there
appears to be good ground in the nature of things for designating these conventional
rights "natural." Something of the kind
is current in an obvious fashion among the peaceable communities on the lower
levels of culture, among whom the scheme of accepted rights and obligations
bears more than a distant resemblance to the Natural Rights
of the eighteenth century. But
something of the kind will also be found among peoples on a higher level, both peaceable
and predatory; though departing more notably in point of contents from the
eighteenth-century system. The point of similarity, or of identity, among all
these systems of conventionally fundamental and eternal human rights is to be
found in their intrinsic sanction they are all and several right and good as a
matter of course and of common sense; the point of divergence or dissimilarity
is to be found in the contents of the code, which are not nearly the same in
all cases. In the mediaeval natural common-sense scheme of rights, prerogative,
personal and class exemption, is of the essence of the canon; but the scheme is
none the less intrinsically mandatory on those who had been bred into a
matter-of-course acceptance of it by the routine of life in that age. Differential
rights, duties and privilege give the point of departure in this mediaeval
system of civil relations; whereas in the system worked out under the auspices
of the handicraft industry the denial of differential advantage, whether class
or individual, is the beginning of wisdom and the substance of common sense as
applied
to civil relations. The one of these schemes comes out of an economic situation
drawn on hues of predation, ancient, prescriptive and settled, and its first
principle is that of master and servant; the other comes of a situation
grounded in workmanlike efficiency, and its first principle is that of an
equitable livelihood for work done.
That some of the working systems of civil rights in customary force among the
peaceable communities of the lower culture have more in common with modern Natural
Rights than this mediaeval scheme, should logically be due to a similarity in
the conditions of life out of which they have arisen. In these savage or lower
barbarian communities, too, the principle of organization is work for a
livelihood, and the conventional ground of economic relations is that of
workmanship, as it is under the early handicraft system; but with the difference that whereas the
technology of handicraft throws the skilled workman into perspective as a
self-sufficient individual, and so throws self-help into the foreground as the
principle of economic equity, among these savages and lower barbarians living by means of a technology of a less highly specialised
character, with a material situation not admitting of the same degree of
severalty in work or livelihood, the prime requisite in the relations governing
the rights and duties of the members of the group is not the individual livelihood of the skilled workman but that of the group at large.
The individual's personal claims come in only as secondary and subservient to
the needs of the group at large; rights of ownership are loose and vague, and
they lack that tenacity of life that characterises
the like rights under the handicraft system. It is true, the product of
industry belongs primarily to the producer of it, it is his in some sense that
might pass into ownership if the technological situation admitted of work for a
livelihood in strict and consistent severalty; but in the actual case as found
on these lower levels the product commonly escapes somewhat easily from his
individual possession and comes to inure to the use of the group. Except for
such articles as continue to pertain to him by virtue of intimate and daily
use, the producer's possessive control of his product is likely at the best to
be transient and dubious, readily giving way before any urgent call for its use
by other members of the group. (**)
_______
** NOTE: Illustrative instances of such a
customary code of "natural" rights
and obligations are numerous in the late literature of ethnology. Good
illustrations are afforded by various papers in the Reports of the Am.
Bureau of Ethnology, on the culture of the Pueblos, Eskimo, and the
Indians of the North-West Coast; so also in Skeat and Blagden,
Pagan
Races of the Malay Peninsula, or in Seligmann,
The Veddas.
A fact of some incisive effect in this connection is doubtless the characteristic
trait of handicraft that, in its early phases wholly and obviously and in its
later development also somewhat evidently, it was the affair of a class;
whereas in the savage communities with which it is here compared, the technology and the livelihood in question are those of
the community at large, not of a class that stands in contrast and in some
degree of competition with the community at large. The craftsmen were a
fraction of the community by work for whose needs they got their livelihood,
even though, in the course of time, they became the dominant element within the
local community (municipality) whose fortunes they shared. And as between this
fraction of the population and outside classes with whom they carried on their traffic, particularly the
well-to-do and land-holding classes, there could be no constraining sense of a solidarity of interest. The ancient bond of master and
servant had been broken by something like an overt act of class secession on
the part of the craftsmen, and nothing like a bond of fellowship had taken its
place. The fellowship ran within the lines of craftsmanship, while the traffic of each craftsman typically ran across the line that divided the
craftsman from the old order and population outside of this industrial system.
That the eighteenth-century system of Natural Rights
shows such a degree of approximation to the scheme of rights and obligations
observed among many primitive peoples need flutter no one's sense of cultural
consistency. Return to Nature was more or less of a password in the closing period of the era of handicraft and after, and in respect of this
system of civil relations it appears that the popular attitude of that time was
in effect something of a reversion to primitive habits of thought; though it was
at best a partial return to a "state of nature" in the sense of a
state of peace and industry rather than a return to the unsophisticated beginnings
of society. That such a partial reversion takes effect in the habits of thought
of the time appears to be due to a similarly partial return to somewhat
analogous habits of life. The correspondence in the habits of thought is no
greater than that in the habits of life out of which these habits of thought
emerged. The primitive peoples that show this suggestive resemblance to the
system of Natural Rights typically are living under a routine of workmanship
and in a state of habitual peace,—in these respects being placed somewhat
similarly to the handicraft community. The handicraft system comes true to the same characterisation
in so far that it was dominated by a routine of workmanship and so far as, in
effect, its life-history falls in an era of prevailingly peaceable conditions;
and such a characterisation holds true of the industrial
community proper through the period during which handicraft is the ruling
factor in the community's habitual range of interest. It is not that the era of
handicraft was an era of reversion to savagery, but only that the tone-giving
factor in the community of that time reverted, by force of the state of the
industrial arts, to habits of peace and industry, in which direct and detailed
manual work takes a leading place. There is also the further point of economic
contact with the savage state that in the handicraft community distinctions of wealth
are neither large nor of decisive consequence during the long period of
habituation that brought the preconceptions of that era into the settled shape
that gave them the character of a finished and balanced system of principles.
It may be added, at the risk of tedious repetition, that
the habits of life characteristic of the era, as well as the frame of mind
suited to this characteristic routine of life, seem peculiarly suited to the
native endowment of the European peoples,—perhaps in an especial degree suited to the native bent of those sections of the population in which there is
an appreciable admixture of the dolicho-blond stock.
That such may be the case is at least strongly suggested by the tenacious hold
which this system of Rights apparently still has on the sentimental allegiance
of these Western peoples, after the conditions to which these Rights owe their
rise, and to which they are suited, have in the main ceased to exist; as well as by the somewhat blind fervour with which
these peoples, and more especially the English-speaking section of them, go
about the idyllic enterprise of rehabilitating that obsolescent "competitive
system" that embodied the system of Natural Rights, and that came up with
the
era of handicraft and went under in its dissolution.(pp.293-298)
With the demise of the Era of Handicraft,
humankind was increasingly faced according to Veblen with a solemn truism:
“Invention
is the mother of Necessity.”
The following 21+ items are articles and essays circulating
this week in the Anglophone social media, bringing
new perspectives to current events as they are reported and/or censored in the
corporate 4-profit media.
Sincerely,
Francis
McCollum Feeley
___________
Professeur
honoraire de l'Université
Grenoble-Alpes
Ancien Directeur des
Researches
Université de Paris-Nanterre
Director of The Center for the Advanced Study
of American Institutions and Social Movements
(CEIMSA-in-Exile)
The University of California-San Diego
http://www.ceimsa.org
a.
“The Sickness of ‘Artificial
Intelligence’? The System”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M62Dyy3DVm8
with RJ Eskow and Richard Wolff
(33:16)
+
“France's Working
Class Is Challenging Western Capitalism”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyoxYFF12gY
with Richard Wolff
(9:02)
+
“Is Europe a vassal
of the US?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyO2lmGq0_U
with Yanis Varoufakis,
Julijana Zita, and Erik Edman
(1:04:26)
===========
b.
Assange: “The Truth They've Been Hiding
from You”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cl8XIr5vxhM
with Naomi Brockwell
(24:23)
Julian Assange, creator of Wikileaks, is
an activist who has dedicated his life to exposing the lies and corruption of
some of the most powerful governments on earth. He’s been honored with
countless prestigious journalism awards, yet he languishes in prison under
horrendous conditions, vilified as an enemy of the state. It’s hard for the
average person to know what to think about Assange,
because for over a decade his actions have been shrouded in a fog of
conflicting narratives and media portrayals -- That is by design. In this video
we’ll expose 6 lies about Assange that have been deliberately
used to distract us from what is one of the most important precedent-setting
cases for freedom of speech of our generation. If there’s one thing you should
take away from this, it’s that most of what you think you know about Assange is false.
+
Time Must Not be Allowed to Run Out on Julian Assange
https://www.globalresearch.ca/time-mustnt-allowed-run-out-julian-assange/5816764
by Kim Petersen
Review of Guilty of Journalism by Kevin Gosztola
Despite whatever charges Julian Assange
may be accused of, it is well known that the WikiLeaks
publisher was targeted for exposing the war crimes of the US government. In an
upside-down Bizarro World, the screws are being ever
so gradually tightened on Assange by the war
criminals and their criminal accomplices. It is, in fact, a slow-motion
assassination being played out before the open and closed eyes of the
world. — “The Slow-motion
Assassination of Julian Assange“
The above
was written in 2020. Little has changed. In the foreword to Guilty of Journalism by Kevin Gosztola, American journalist Abby Martin writes, “Assange was only publishing the leaks. He never committed
any crime. He only published evidence of the crimes.” (p
xiii)
Assange’s “crime” is exposing the crimes of
the US; especially revelatory was the Collateral Murder
video where US troops in an Apache
helicopter gleefully gunned dead 12 civilians on a street in New Baghdad. The
murderers remain scot-free. For exposing war crimes, Assange
and Chelsea Manning have been punished.
Kevin Gosztola who has followed much of the judicial proceedings
against Manning and Assange presents his knowledge of
the cases, in particular that of Assange, in Guilty of Journalism: The Political Case
against Julian Assange (Seven Stories Press,
2023).
What is
readily apparent is that the releases by WikiLeaks triggered a tsunamic vendetta. This has resulted in a brazen
miscarriage of justice manipulated by a red-faced United States with the
connivance of allied nation states such as Australia; Sweden; Britain; after a
change of presidents, Ecuador; and the bystander nations of the world.
The US
seeks to try Assange under the Espionage Act, a relic
from WWI designed to control the release of information (see chapter 4). Yet,
such a prosecution of Assange is hampered by the US
Constitution, as the First Amendment protects the freedom of the press.
Prosecuting a publisher/journalist would entail grave implications for
journalism and publishing in the US.
The book’s
title, Guilty of Journalism, is
apt. It speaks to the legal perturbations to eliminate a perceived threat to
the US’s full-spectrum hegemony. For a hegemon to
operate unhindered, it must control the medium and its messages. Thus, the US
asserts that Assange is not a journalist, this despite
Assange being recognized as a journalist by the
US-based Committee to Protect Journalists, being a member of the International
Federation of Journalists, being published in several media around the world,
and having been awarded several prizes for his journalism. It is akin to
blithely stating someone is not a lawyer despite having a law degree from a
recognized law school, having passed the bar exam, having worked as a lawyer
for several years, and having been celebrated for her accomplishments as a
lawyer. It is patently a non sequitur
to reject evidence purely on someone’s say-so.
See also: “Wiki-Gate”: Julian Assange
Was Framed by the People Who Supported Him
===========
c.
“Democrats Threaten
Journalist Matt Taibbi With Prison Over Twitter
Files!”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03-L4hl5LBY&feature=youtu.be
with Aaron Maté and Matt Taibbi
(23:09)
+
“MSNBC Host’s Lie
Could Send Journalist to Prison!”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWNh03Ma1SA&t=27s
with Aaron Maté and Matt Taibbi
(16:55)
+
“The Ministry of
New Normal Truth”
by CJ Hopkins
Back in
May of 2021, Matt Taibbi interviewed me for his Meet the
Censored series. We talked about how critics of the official Covid narrative were being censored by global corporations
like Twitter and Facebook. I got into my "GloboCap" shtick a little, but, all in all, it was
pretty tame stuff.
How far
we have come over these last two years!
Today,
Matt Taibbi is being threatened with imprisonment by
elements of the US government for reporting on what he and Michael Shellenberger have been calling "The Censorship
Industrial Complex." My social media accounts are dead. I
have been visibility-filtered into Internet oblivion by Twitter — yes, Musk's
"free speech Twitter" — and Facebook,
ingeniously buried by Google, disappeared by YouTube, and Amazon has banned my
latest book in several countries.
Reporting
on how US Intelligence agencies and members of the Biden administration
apparently conspired to deceive the public and interfere in the 2020 US
elections, and how the corporate media collaborated with them and are burying
the story now, Matt offers the following sobering observation ... "An
all-time media blackout is in effect. We’re experiencing real-time Sovietization."
===========
c.
PsyWars: “Introducing 5th-Gen Warfare: Terms and Tactics”
https://rwmalonemd.substack.com/p/psywars?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email
by Robert W Malone MD, MS
The 21st Century Battlefield.
Congratulations.
You and the rest of the world have managed to survive the largest, most
globally coordinated psychological warfare operation in the history of mankind:
the COVIDcrisis. During this period, on a daily
basis, we had to experience the US Government and many western nations
deploying highly refined, military-grade fifth generation warfare technologies
and PsyWar weapons against their own citizens. For
those who avoided the genetic vaccine jabs, which are now proven to be neither
safe nor effective in preventing infection, replication, or spread of
SARS-CoV-2, and do not prevent disease or death attributed to COVID-19 disease,
you deserve a medal for your ability to see through the fog of information
warfare. For those, like me, who trusted the FDA and took the initial jabs only
to suffer the adverse effects of same, perhaps a purple heart for being wounded
in battle is in order. For the millions of battlefield dead, the excess
mortality documented by Ed Dowd and so many others, a moment of silent mourning
is in order. Then there are the countless children, who have endured masking
and social distancing in school for years on end. How do they recover
developmentally? How do we ensure that this never happens again?
This essay
focuses on how to stop the military grade psyops from
happening on a global or even national scale in the future. Or
at the very least, how to learn to not be a target of these techniques and to
be able to use them yourself to fight back “against the machine”.
Because governments are currently planning for the next “pandemic” (“Plandemic?”) and they have no intention of scaling back
their weaponized public health policies, which are
being used to control us all. And this control is not just limited to COVID-19
policies; the ability to control populations through the use of psy-ops and 5th-gen warfare is just too tempting
for governments and international organizations (such as the United Nations and
The World Economic Forum), to not deploy in the
future. The use of military-grade PsyWar methods on
civilian populations to alter election outcomes, to weaponize
fear, and to influence or control (literally) all information, beliefs and
emotions of civilian populations is just to lucrative and enticing for those
who subscribe to the logic that the ends justify the means.
So, what
is fifth generation warfare and why does it matter?
+
“The
Global Pandemic Treaty: What You Need to Know”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/video-global-pandemic-treaty-what-you-need-know/5779993
with James Corbett
The World Health Organization has already begun
drafting a global pandemic treaty on pandemic preparedness.
What form will it take? What teeth will it have?
How will it further the globalists in cementing the biosecurity grid into place?
(See also: https://www.corbettreport.com/globaltreaty/)
+
“WHO new treaty”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkhjH2ySMUw
with Dr. John Campbell
(20:12)
+
The Most Dangerous International
Treaty Ever Proposed
https://www.globalresearch.ca/most-dangerous-international-treaty-ever-proposed/5816940
by Molly Kingsley
Human history is a story of forgotten lessons. Despite the
catastrophic collapse of European democracy in the 1930s, it appears that the
tale of the twentieth century – in which citizens, cowed by existential
threats, acquiesced in the rejection of liberty and truth in favour of obedience and propaganda, whilst allowing
despotic leaders to seize ever more absolutist powers – is perilously close to
being forgotten.
Nowhere is
this more evident than in relation to the apparent nonchalance which has
greeted two international legal agreements currently working their way through
the World Health Organisation: a new pandemic treaty,
and amendments to the 2005 International Health Regulations, both due to be put
before the governing body of the WHO, the World Health Assembly, in May next
year.
As
concerned scholars and jurists have detailed, these agreements threaten to fundamentally reshape the
relationship between the WHO, national governments, and individuals.
They would
hardwire into international law a top-down supranational approach to public
health in which the WHO, acting in some cases via the sole discretion of one
individual, its Director General (DG), would be empowered to impose sweeping,
legally binding directions on member states and their citizens, ranging from
mandating financial contributions by individual states; to requiring the
manufacture and international sharing of vaccines and other health products; to
requiring the surrender of intellectual property rights; overriding national
safety approval processes for vaccines, gene-based therapies, medical devices
and diagnostics; and imposing national, regional and global quarantines
preventing citizens from traveling and mandating medical examinations and
treatments.
A global
system for digital ‘health certificates’ for verification of vaccine status or
test results would be routinised, and a
bio-surveillance network whose purpose would be to identify viruses and
variants of concern – and to monitor national compliance with WHO policy
directives in the event of them – would be embedded and expanded.
For any of
these sweeping powers to be invoked, there would be no requirement for an
“actual” health emergency in which people are suffering measurable harm;
instead it would be sufficient for the DG, acting on his or her discretion, to
have identified the mere “potential” for such an event.
It is hard
to overstate the impact of these proposals on Member States’ sovereignty,
individual human rights, foundational principles of medical ethics, and child
welfare. As currently drafted, these proposals would deny UK sovereignty and
governmental autonomy over health and social policies and, through the indirect
impacts of forced lockdowns and quarantines and because each Member State would
be required to commit a staggering minimum of 5 percent of national health
budgets and an as yet unspecified percentage of GDP towards the WHO’s pandemic
prevention and response, also over critical aspects of economic policy.
The
proposed new powers would cut across not only the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights but also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. They would signal
a new watershed in our understanding of cornerstone human rights: an express
amendment to the IHR deletes language currently reading “[t]he implementation
of these Regulations shall be with full respect for the dignity, human rights
and fundamental freedoms of persons” to replace it with a nebulous confirmation
that “[t]he implementation of these Regulations shall be based on the
principles of equity, inclusivity, coherence…”.
See also: WHO’s WHO: New Pandemic Preparedness,
“Authoritarian Model”
+
WHO’s Worldwide Power Grab: Beware
of the New International Health Regulation and Pandemic Treaty, a Health
Tyranny Never Heard of Before in Human History
by Peter Koenig with Dr. John
Campbell
(20:12)
Mr. Andrew Bridgen, Member UK Parliament, slams the
new WHO International Health Regulation (IHR) and Pandemic Treaty as an
unheard-of Power Grab – robbing all 194 WHO, member countries, the entire
world, of their sovereignty over national health issues.
The new IHR and the Pandemic Treaty would be
transferring the authority to decide what is a pandemic and what deserves the
status of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), and
literally how any matters of health ought to be treated – a limitless mandate
of dictates – to the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO).
The WHO Director General may call an outright
prohibition with punishment on using “WHO-banned” medication, even though proven
effective. This is precisely what happened during COVID. Medical doctors and
pharmacies were not allowed to prescribe, recommend, and sell medication that
was effective against COVID, because WHO prohibited to do so.
This WHO
power would be expanded as an International Law, or rather as a “rules-based
order”, the new tyrannical term chosen by the elite, to circumvent literally
any national and international laws.
Both the
IHR and the Pandemic Treaty will be voted on by the upcoming World Health
Assembly, from 21-30 May 2023. The vote is planned on 24 May 2023. A two-thirds
majority is needed by the 194-member delegates to pass.
See this
20-min video of Mr. Andrew Bridgen, UK Member of
Parliament, explaining to the UK Parliament why the new WHO IHR and Pandemic
Treaty must be voted against.
+
Watch “This Is How They’re Going To CONTROL You!”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouf6xhiPh-c&feature=youtu.be
with Jimmy Dore
(18:56)
+
“Senate full lab leak document”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XccISIi-yo
with Dr. John Campbell
(22:25)
+
“International COVID Summit III:
Join or Support!”
by Robert W Malone MD, MS
Testimony
in the European Parliament, May 03, 2023
+
Russia revives Virus scam — right
on cue
Russia’s COVID Nanny Anna Popova,
back to her usual trickery
by Edward Slavsquat
WHO says "jump", Russian
government asks: "how high?"
Russia is
bracing for a wave of highly infectious Arcturus, the
newest and trendiest “COVID subvariant”, Rospotrebnadzor chief Anna Popova announced on Thursday.
Fellow
BRICS member India is currently experiencing an “intense” outbreak of this
computer model, and Russia—which has already registered four confirmed
cases!—should expect its own Arcturus surge by the
end of May, Popova predicted.
A sharp
uptick in hospitalizations is not anticipated, but just in case, Russia’s
healthcare system is ready for “additional stress and overload,” she reassured
the public.
Do
ordinary Russians care at all about the Dreaded Virus? No. But the Russian
government is dialing up the Virus Fear anyway—in perfect synchronization with
the WHO’s decision to “upgrade” Arcturus to a “variant of
interest”.
===========
d.
“Common cold symptoms”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpdTQbiflYU
with Dr. John Campbemm
(15:16)
+
Birds Aren't Real, But Technocracy
Is!
https://www.corbettreport.com/nwnw517/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email
with James Corbett
(26:07)
+
Fear & loathing on the home
front
by Edward Slavsquat
Angry patriots, oligarch
in-fighting, and a deluge of "security" measures
Wagner CEO
Yevgeny Prigozhin published an article on April 14 in which he made the following claims:
·
“The strategic role of Bakhmut is not so great. Bakhmut
is followed by Seversk, Slavyansk, Kramatorsk, Konstantinovka, Druzhkovka and Chasov Yar … [T]he capture of Bakhmut itself will not ensure a short-term victory over
Ukraine, the road to the Dnieper, or even the capture of Donbass.”
·
“The US does not need a quick
war”. Washington wants to drag the conflict out as long as possible in order to
destabilize Russia and “collapse [it] into many principalities”.
·
Russia’s Deep State, “a community
of near-state elites that operate independently of the political leadership of
the state”, is actively sabotaging the war effort.
·
To prevent the Deep State from
making concessions to Washington, Russia should announce the successful
completion of the “special military operation” and consolidate territorial
gains.
To
summarize: An oligarch who is spearheading Russia’s only discernable
offensive in Ukraine says the war will continue for the foreseeable future,
even if/when Bakhmut is captured. Meanwhile, a
powerful group of oligarchs and bureaucrats want to negotiate a backdoor deal
with Washington that would have disastrous consequences for Russia.
Shocking and outrageous claims? Only if
you’ve been getting your “war updates” from YouTube.
===========
e.
Economic Update: “The Emerging New World Economy”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2s6F97zYJ1Y
with Richard Wolff
(30:20)
+
Anti-Capitalist Chronicles: The
Corporatization of Academia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnrxJyZ3S-A
with David Harvey
(26:59)
In this
episode of Anti-Capitalist Chronicles, Prof. Harvey reflects on how
universities in the US have shifted and evolved under advanced capitalism to
function more and more like corporations. The ethos of the academic model is no
longer about universities paying professors to teach, but rather that
professors earn their keep by making money for the university. We are seeing
increased bureaucratization, a push for entrepreneurialism among professors,
and a growing corporate managerial structure. This reorganization of education
around monetization has left professors disillusioned and despondent and cannot
be sustained.
+
Economic Update: How Austerity
Paves the Way for Fascism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIpi5Ui88MU
with Richard Wolff and Clara Mattei
(29:56)
In this
week’s Economic Update, Prof. Wolff interviews Prof. Clara Mattei
on her new book "Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and
Paved the Way to Fascism."
+
The New Face of Marxism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8QRGb8O4qc
with Christopher F. Rufo
(22:49)
The
critical race theorists are “synthetic revolutionaries” who have filtered
left-wing ideology through a postmodern lens. Speech in Budapest,
Hungary.
===========
f.
Ex-CIA Mike Morell
reveals, Blinken behind 'Intel officials Russia disinfo' letter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8WPrMqIeOM&feature=youtu.be
with Alex Christoforou
and Alexander Mercouris
(20:31)
+
INTERVIEW: The drums of war are
beating
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTELnl-tXFk
with George Galloway and Seyed Marandi
(17:20)
“The chance of war is high over
Taiwan, says Professor Seyed Marandi.
The US is taking a position from which it can’t back down. Taiwan is a Chinese
province so China won’t back down.”
+
“Ukraine,
calm before the storm. EU grain debacle”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ib-h9oTwsjY&feature=youtu.be
with Alex Christoforou
and Alexander Mercouris
(40 :49)
===========
g.
Will the West Turn Ukraine into a
Nuclear Battlefield?
An Iraqi main battle tank on a highway south of Kuwait City
destroyed in a Coalition attack during Operation Desert Storm. Image by Master Sgt. Kit Thompson.
https://www.counterpunch.org/2023/04/21/will-the-west-turn-ukraine-into-a-nuclear-battlefield/
by Joshua Frank
How the West plans to turn Ukraine
into a radioactive war zone.
It’s sure
to be a blood-soaked spring in Ukraine. Russia’s winter offensive fell far short of Vladimir Putin’s objectives, leaving little doubt that the
West’s conveyor belt of weaponry has aided Ukraine’s defenses. Cease-fire
negotiations have never truly begun, while NATO has only strengthened its
forces thanks to Finland’s new membership (with Sweden soon likely to follow).
Still, tens of thousands of people have perished; whole villages, even cities,
have been reduced to rubble; millions of Ukrainians have poured into Poland and elsewhere; while Russia’s brutish invasion rages on
with no end in sight.
The hope,
according to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, is that the Western allies will continue to
furnish money, tanks, missiles, and everything else his battered country needs
to fend off Putin’s forces. The war will be won, according to Zelensky, not through backroom compromises but on the
battlefield with guns and ammo.
“I appeal
to you and the world with these most simple and yet important words,” he said to a joint session of Great Britain’s parliament in February.
“Combat aircraft for Ukraine, wings for freedom.”
The United
Kingdom, which has committed well over $2 billion in assistance to Ukraine, has so far refused to ship fighter jets
there but has promised to supply more weaponry, including tank shells made with
depleted uranium (DU), also known as “radioactive bullets.” A by-product of uranium enrichment, DU is a very dense and radioactive
metal that, when housed in small torpedo-like munitions, can pierce thickly
armored tanks and other vehicles.
Reacting
to the British announcement, Putin ominously said he would “respond accordingly” if the Ukrainians begin blasting off rounds of DU.
While the UK’s decision to send depleted-uranium shells to Ukraine is unlikely to prove a turning point in the war’s outcome, it will have a lasting, potentially devastating, impact on soldiers, civilians, and the environment. The controversial deployment of DU doesn’t pose faintly the same risks as the actual nuclear weapons Putin and his associates have hinted they might use someday in Ukraine or as would a potential meltdown at the embattled Zaporizhzhia nuclear facility
in that country. Still, its use will certainly help create an even more lethal, all too literally radioactive theater of war — and Ukraine will end up paying a price for it.The
Radioactive Lions of Babylon
+
The Atrocity
Mill: How the West Conjures Up Atrocities Overseas to Cover for its Own
by Evan Reif
Recently,
American doctor and ex-Marine Pete Reed was killed
near the city of Bakhmut in Ukraine. Since his death,
Reed has been lionized as a selfless hero who lived a life of service.
Ukrainian sources are quick to condemn his death as a horrible atrocity and
Russian war crime.
Reed was a
doctor working for his charity, Global
Response Medicine, which he founded in 2017 to build
“something good from the destruction of Mosul,” apparently without much thought
to just who destroyed the city as he has worked in close collaboration with
U.S. forces ever since.
The reaction to Reed’s life and death
is illuminating. The political class and their thralls in the media are content
to ignore American interventions overseas, and their rationalization of them,
as they condemn Russia and accuse its soldiers of genocide. Through the life
and death of Pete Reed, we can see how readily this system has conjured up atrocities
from its enemies to justify its own wars and its own atrocities. The “human
rights” that America so frequently accuses its enemies of violating are little
more than a cudgel that this government wields against its enemies.
+
“39 questions about the war in Ukraine”
https://edwardslavsquat.substack.com/p/39-questions-about-the-war-in-ukraine?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email
by Edward Slavsquat
From Russia's Angry Patriots Club. For your consideration.
Igor Strelkov’s Angry Patriots Club (КРП) has published a list of questions it has about Russia’s “special military operation” in Ukraine.
Most of their questions are highly pertinent; some of them are a bit superfluous; a few—in your correspondent’s humble opinion—are misguided and a bit silly.
But we decided to publish them all in hopes of starting a dialogue, and (this is really too hopeful) widening the abysmally narrow Overton Window that is asphyxiating “alternative media” coverage of this increasingly bizarre and precarious conflict.
As you read through these questions, keep in mind that many of them were being asked in the earliest weeks of the war by patriotic, pro-SMO voices in Russia.
We would also advise our readers not to dismiss the Angry Patriots Club as an irrelevant fringe group, even if you strongly disagree with them. The Russian government is not worried about Navalny supporters; it fears “turbo-patriots”— Russian officials have openly admitted it.
NOTE: This is not a perfect word-for-word translation (some of the questions were incurably convoluted so we had to rewrite them), but we did our best to honor the original meaning of each question. Also: Strelkov always puts Ukraine in “scare quotes” or prefaces it with “so-called”, to signify that he thinks Ukraine is not a separate country and is part of Russia. We removed all of this because it got way too repetitive and damaged the “flow” of the text. But, just so we aren’t accused of misrepresenting КРП’s position: they hold the belief that “the so-called Ukraine” is part of Russia.)
===========
h.
“EU versus
Europe”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykSSRSkaByM&feature=youtu.be
with Glenn Diesen, Alexander Mercouris, and President Václav
Klaus
(39:41)
+
“Is Europe a
vassal of the US?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyO2lmGq0_U&t=61s
with Yanis Varoufakis, Julijana Zita, Erik Edman
(1:04:26)
Speaking
during an official visit to China, Emmanuel Macron said that Europe should
chart its own course and be a 'third pole' in world affairs between Washington
and Beijing – and not be a vassal to either as the New Cold War threatens to
escalate. Unsurprisingly, his comments have caused unease among many European
leaders, for whom unquestioned alignment with Washington is the only way. Is
Europe today “a vassal” of the US? And if we were to chart our own course, what
should that look like? We’ll explore these questions in detail – including how
they relate to DiEM25’s campaign for a New Non-Aligned Movement – and take your
questions and comments. Tune in!
+
“US vs.
Russia: Who will win the Scam Olympics?”
by Edward Slavsquat
What’s the
difference between Russian-language media and so-called “pro-Russia” Western
media? What’s going to happen in Ukraine? Are Russians getting hyped for the Multipolar World Order? Who is better at scamming the
peasants, Washington or Moscow?
We put these
hard-hitting questions to Lil’
Kremlin, a Russian who worked in Russian state media for
more than a decade before disappearing into the taiga. From time to time he
raps about clot-shots, cattle-tags and Anatoly Chubais;
he is widely regarded as the #1 best rapper on these
topics.
Enjoy!
– You
worked in Russian state media for many years before seeking greener pastures.
Has the Russian media-sphere changed since you left? How would you compare
Russian-language media to “pro-Russia” English-language media?
I left the
Russian state media apparatus in early fall of 2019 – which was perfect timing
on my part, since it was right before COVID and way before Russia’s «Non-War
Special Excursion with Sporadic Use of Lethal Arms».
I think that
when major world-changing scams like that happen you usually get to see the
ugliest side of state media as they go into shill-overdrive mode basically
doubling down on all the worst aspects of propaganda.
These include
overzealously parroting everything the officials say and questioning absolutely
none of it, blatantly lying or misleading people about everything that’s
happening, while heavily promoting the Draconian laws that usually go right
along with major events (scams).
I enjoyed
seeing outlets like «Tsargrad» and «Katyusha» and a few others though questioning the official
narrative and at least giving people a glimpse into the «other side of the
coin», and I think these events were their perfect time to shine and really
stand out.
So the media
landscape hasn’t changed that much, but because of all the crazy events the
different voices became more prominent as they all doubled down on the
interests they promote.
It’s also
weird to me that the «pro-Russian» English-language media sounds a lot more
like Soviet-era propaganda than even some Russian press close to the
government!
You still get
stories about corruption and wrongdoing by local officials and things like that
in the Russian media, but the English-language 5D Masters totally ignore all of
the major domestic issues in Russia itself, focusing instead on how it’s
winning the war against the crumbling hegemonic West.
+
NATO’s Weapons Are Leaking to Black
Market - Western Journalist
https://www.globalresearch.ca/nato-weapons-leaking-black-market-western-journalist/5816918
by Lucas Leiroz de Almeida
Confirming
what several other analysts had already been reporting since the beginning of
Western military aid campaign to Ukraine, an important American informant
pointed out that several weapons sent by NATO are being sold on the black
market. The result of this process is that weapons that should be used by the
Ukrainian armed forces end up in the hands of foreign contrabandists, with no
control over what will be their final destination.
The most
recent report was made by the well-known and respected American journalist Seymour
Hersh. Even though he is a Pulitzer Prize winner
and former New York Times informant, Hersh has recently
suffered several reprisals and “cancellation” attempts for leaking evidence of
crimes committed by the US government, such as the terrorist attacks against
the Nord Stream gas pipelines. In the same vein, he now said that
Western-supplied weapons to Kiev were actually “flooding” the military black
market in countries like Romania and Poland.
“Poland,
Romania, other countries on the border were being flooded with weapons we [the
US and allies] were shipping for the war to Ukraine (…) Often, it wasn’t generals,
it was colonels and others, who were given shipments of some weapons, [who]
would personally resell them (…) to the dark market”, he said during a recent
show of his journalistic program “Going Underground”.
See also: The Ever Widening War
===========
i.
“Is This Man a Russian Agent Operating in the Black
Community of St. Louis?”
by Jeremy Kuzmarov
The Justice
Department has just indicted him and three other members of the African
People’s Socialist Party for advancing Russian propaganda—though it looks more
like the Biden administration was looking for a scapegoat to justify its
anti-Russia offensive and found one in a familiar place.
On April 18,
the Department of Justice announced the indictment
of four leaders of the African People’s Socialist Party (APSP) along with three
Russian nationals for allegedly working on behalf of the Russian government and
Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) in a “malign influence campaign”
designed to “sow discord” and “advance Russian propaganda.”
The
Department of Justice claims that the Russian defendants recruited, funded and
directed APSP Chair Omali Yeshitela
and three other APSP members (Penny Joanne Hess, Jesse Nevel
and Augustus C. Romain, Jr.—aka Gazi Kodzo)—to act as unregistered (and therefore illegal)
agents of the Russian government and that they covertly funded and directed
candidates for local office in the U.S.
The charges
carry a maximum of ten years in prison.
Kurt Ronnow, the Acting Assistant Director of the FBI’s
Counterintelligence Division, said that the announcement “paints a harrowing
picture of Russian government actions and the lengths to which the FSB will go
to interfere with our elections, sow discord in our nation and ultimately
recruit U.S. citizens to their efforts.”
According to
prosecutors, one of the Russians charged, Aleksandr Ionov, operated an entity called the Anti-Globalization
Movement of Russia, which recruited U.S.-based organizations to help sway
elections, make it appear there was strong support in the U.S. for Russia’s
invasion of Ukraine, and
backed efforts such as a 2015 United Nations petition to decry the “genocide of
African people” in the U.S, and a reparations tour by the APSP.
+
“Tucker Carlson SILENCED For Telling These Truths About The War Machine”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOcgEf1W_Ss&feature=youtu.be
with Jimmy Dore and Aaron Maté
(16:43)
+
“Biden-Harris 2024. Fox News fires Tucker Carlson”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7Kna7Y12aE&feature=youtu.be
with Alex Christoforou and Alexander Mercouris
(13:41)
+
“Blackrock Owns 15.1% of the Fox Corporation”
https://rwmalonemd.substack.com/p/blackrock-owns-151-of-the-fox-corporation?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email
by Robert W Malone
It doesn’t take a genius to know that yesterday, we got another really big flag to get off of main stream news if you seek any unbiased news analysis or editorial content. That the biases, the censorship is only going to get worse. And no, I am not necessarily writing of Tucker’s departure, although that too is another signpost.
What really has me concerned is that earlier this year, it was announced that BlackRock has increased its ownership position in Fox Corporation (FOXA).
This increase in stock ownership now means that Blackrock owns 15.1% of the Fox Corporation. They are the second largest owner, just after the Murdock family.
Now, the Family Trust Murdoch still owns 19% of the company, with other, smaller institutional investors owning the rest. The CEO of the Fox Corporation was Rupert Murdoch, but it is currently Lachlan Murdoch.
BUT with this increase in 2.7% of Fox Corp, it is clear that Blackrock is fast becoming a controlling entity in Fox Corporation.
+
“Jimmy Dore on Comedy, Woke Ideology & How To Enrage Both Conservatives
& Liberals – Ask Dr. Drew”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQCHU4jnuIc
with Jimmy Dore on Ask Dr. Drew
(1:22:05)
+
Biden DOJ Indicts Four Americans for
“Weaponized” Free Speech”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/biden-doj-indicts-four-americans-weaponized-free-speech/5816828
by Caitlin Johnstone
The Biden
administration’s Department of Justice has just charged four members of the
African People’s Socialist Party (APSP) for conspiring to act as agents of
Russia by using speech and political action in ways the DOJ says “weaponized” the First Amendment rights of Americans.
The
Washington Post reports:
Federal authorities charged four Americans on Tuesday
with roles in a malign campaign pushing pro-Kremlin propaganda in Florida and
Missouri — expanding a previous case that charged a Russian operative with
running illegal influence agents within the United States.
The FBI signaled its interest in the alleged
activities in a series of raids last summer, at which point authorities charged
a Moscow man, Aleksandr Viktorovich
Ionov, with working for years on behalf of Russian
government officials to fund and direct fringe political groups in the United
States. Among other things, Ionov allegedly advised
the political campaigns of two unidentified candidates for public office in
Florida.
Ionov’s influence
efforts were allegedly directed and supervised by officers of the FSB, a
Russian government intelligence service.
Now, authorities have added charges against four
Americans who allegedly did Ionov’s bidding through
groups including the African People’s Socialist Party and the Uhuru Movement in Florida, Black Hammer in Georgia, and an
unidentified political group in California — part of an effort to influence
American politics.
AFP reports that the
conspiracy charges carry a sentence of up to ten years, with three of the four
APSP members additionally charged with acting as unregistered agents of
Russia which carries another five years.
“Russia’s
foreign intelligence service allegedly weaponized our
First Amendment rights – freedoms Russia denies its own citizens – to divide
Americans and interfere in elections in the United States,” said Assistant
Attorney General Matthew G. Olsen in the DOJ’s
press release regarding the indictments,
adding, “The department will not hesitate to expose and prosecute those
who sow discord and corrupt U.S. elections in service of hostile foreign
interests, regardless of whether the culprits are U.S. citizens or foreign
individuals abroad.”
See also: How the
U.S. Establishment Lies Through Its Teeth, for War Against
Russia
+
Deep state of
siege
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3V53CXAZks
with Max
Blumenthal and Aaron Maté
(1:23:36)
The Grayzone's
Max Blumenthal and Aaron Mate discuss bombshell revelations of the CIA's
recruitment of two 9/11 hijackers and the FBI's indictment of the African
Peoples Socialist Party for "weaponized
speech" on behalf of Russia, as well as threats to jail journalist Matt Taibbi by a congressional Democrat.
===========
j.
“Environmental Activism as a
Capitalist Trojan Horse, and the Bill Gates Factor”
by Dr. Vandana Shiva and Michael
Welch
(audio, 58:59)
For more than
half a century, Earth Day is the time in April when all thoughts turn to
love…of the planet.
Actions
dedicated to conservation and reforestation of the planet, ending plastic
pollution, limiting climate change and restorative agriculture are a few of the
movements reflected in this giant engine of hope for all the masses on the
globe. [1]
The
initiative these days is supported by dozens of Non Governmental Organizations,
including the Rockefeller backed Club of Rome. So, activism
sanctioned by the major players world-wide. [2][3]
The problem
one can run into, of course, is that as we saw with the COVID-19 “pandemic,”
the Rockefellers, the Gateses,
and the other higher entities are not exactly on the same page as the rest of
us and are arguably using the crisis we are facing as an opportunity for some
other objective.
It is true
that simple corporations have jumped on the climate bandwagon each Earth Day.
For example, Nestlé has pledged to cut their CO2 emissions in half by
2030. Though given their track record of child labor, pollution, price fixing
and mislabeling, it is tempting to think of such commitments as old fashioned “greenwashing.”[4][5]
But the more
urgent question facing all of us determined to do our part for the living world
is the far more significant attempts to mislead. When the powerful players
decide to use modern environmentalism for reasons other than maintaining a
strong, vibrant Earth, we the people could end up feeling more than just
profoundly screwed. Our sacrifices for our natural home and hearth could
ultimately be in service to their profits, and at the end of the day, it would
not alter the planet one iota!
Is our Earth Day and our environmental actions as subscribed
by the billionaire masters leading us to our collective desperation or some place even worse? That is a question posed in this
Earth Day episode of the Global Research News Hour.
In our first
half hour, Australian Michael Swifte joins
us to talk about the way the American and Australian philanthropists with their
bought and paid for climate NGOs have suckered us into a form of
de-carbonization that will not actually reduce emissions, but help the fossil
fuel industry get even MORE oil and gas out of the ground. Then in our second
half hour, the legendary Indian scholar, environmental activist, and ecofeminist Vandana
Shiva appears to address the role of the so-called philanthrocapitalists,
and particularly of Bill Gates, in undermining food security and diversity in
the supposed name of saving it.
+
Environmental
Modification Techniques (ENMOD) and the Turkey-Syria Earthquake: An Expert
Investigation is Required
by Prof Michel Chossudovsky
Update: The
Political and Social Implications of the February 2023 Earthquakes
The economic,
social and geopolitical impacts of the February 2023 two earthquakes in
Southern Anatolia are far-reaching.
Within
Turkey, the earthquakes have not only resulted in political chaos to the
detriment of the Erdogan government, they have also
been followed by attempts on the part of US-NATO to undermine Erdogan’s reelection (May 14, 2023), largely in view of
Ankara’s unspoken strategic alliance with Moscow, not to mention its rapprochement
with Teheran.
Turkey is
both a “NATO Heavyweight” as well as “An Ally of Russia”. Sounds
Contradictory
Turkey
abandoned NATO’s Air Defence System in favor of
Russia’s “State of the Art” S-400. That acquisition of Russian military
technology was part of a concurrent military cooperation agreement as well an
alliance between Turkey and Russia established in the immediate aftermath
of the failed July 2016 US sponsored coup d’Etat, not
to mention the unsuccessful assassination plot directed against President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Washington is
fully aware that you cannot win a war against Russia when the second largest
military power member state of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization namely
Turkey is “sleeping with the enemy”.
+
The Demise of
Mesopotamia: The Geopolitics of Water. The Desertification of Iraq
https://www.globalresearch.ca/demise-mesopotamia-geopolitics-behind-desertification-iraq/5775765
by Prof Souad N. Al-Azzawi
The decades
following World War II witnessed massive investments in large dams and water reservoirs. The number of large dams increased
globally from 5,000 dams in 1950 to around 50,000 in 2017, and irrigated areas
doubled from 140 million hectares to 280 million hectares.
The
development of public irrigation and hydropower energy, and their associated
dams, was central to Cold War geopolitics and national state policies.
Throughout the Cold War, water became more involved in both building up and
demolishing regimes, supporting, and undermining political legitimacy, and
empowering and disempowering social groups.
Today, over
263 international watercourses generate about 60% of global freshwater flow,
cross the territories of 145 countries, and are home to around 40% of the
world’s population. Conflicts over shared river waters cannot be
interpreted without understanding the political power relations and the
significance of upstream-downstream positioning of the competing or conflicting
states.
For thousands
of years being Mesopotamia (the land between two rivers), today’s Iraq faces
water scarcity and desertification due to the continued reduction of the Tigris
and Euphrates water flow into Iraqi territory. This is largely due to upstream
developments on their headwaters in Turkey and Iran, and the steepening effects
of climate change. In 2018, the UN Environment Program warned that Iraq
was losing around
25,000 hectares of arable land.
The
construction and operation of about 100 large dams and reservoirs on the Tigris
and Euphrates headwaters in both Turkey and Iran in less than four decades, has
drastically impaired the flow of the two rivers and caused severe land and
environmental degradation including the desiccation of wetlands in Iraq.
In this
article, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers mean annual flow rate records from the
Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq (1960-2018) have been analyzed in
correlation with dates of upstream dams filling and operation of tens of large
dams in Turkey.
Conclusions
indicate significant correlation that caused serious impacts including the
desiccation of about 65% of the marshland’s areas in southern Iraq since
the seventies to date, with continues degradation of valuable agriculture land
into desertification, and other related environmental and socioeconomical
aspects.
===========
k.
A Game of
Dice With Russia: “Do You Realize What You Have Done?”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/a-game-of-dice-with-russia-do-you-realize-what-you-have-done-2/5480135
by Luciana Bohne (The Greanville
Post, 1 October 2015)
At the United Nations General Assembly on Monday’s last, the Russian
Federation hoisted the United States on its own petard, blowing up the
fourteen-year-old fictitious narrative of the War on Terror by proposing real
action. While Obama went to UNGA without a single proposal, Putin proposed a
coalition against terrorists, “like the one we had against Hitler”:
We are suggesting to not be guided by ambition, but by
mutual values and shared interests. To unite our efforts based
on international law to solve the issues we are facing, and
to create a truly broad international anti-terrorism coalition.
You have to agree that the reference to Hitler was a rhetorical
masterstroke, mocking the American political and media establishments’ frequent
slurs of Putin as Hitler.
Taking over the terms of a discourse is the first step in exposing its hidden
connivance. It’s the petard in action. Polonius-like with doddering ramblings,
but rank with clichéd sound-bites and sulking fury, Obama boasted like a
cornered school-yard bully, ““I lead the strongest military that the world has
ever known, and I will never hesitate to protect my
country and our allies, unilaterally and by force where necessary.” Against
which boast, with almost biblical thunder, pounced Putin’s accusation, ““Do you
realize what you’ve done?”
A stunning question, for, without ever mentioning the US, referring to it
instead as the “sole center of dominance” after the end of the Cold War, Putin
recalled its attention to the devastating consequences of its foreign policy
decisions. “A power vacuum for extremism,” in his words, had opened like a
sucking vortex in the Middle East and North Africa, which “led to the creation
of zones of anarchy, immediately filled by extremists.” The Islamic State, he
said, did not materialize from nothing.
So, then, what now? The Islamic
State must be destroyed—in all its permutations. Imagine Washington’s
consternation as its pretext for rampaging across the globe was being deftly
and swiftly removed from its propaganda control.
“‘The Islamic State must be destroyed—in all its permutations.’ Imagine
Washington’s consternation as its pretext for rampaging across the globe was
being deftly and swiftly removed from its propaganda control…”
See also: Russia to
Use Air Force in Syria at President Assad’s Request to Destroy ISIS
+
Auschwitz: IG
Farben and the History of the “Business with Disease”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/ig-farben-history-business-disease/5701804
by The Dr. Rath Health
Foundation (June 18, 2003)
International
Holocaust Remembrance Day. In Commemoration of the
Liberation of Auschwitz, January 27, 2020
The most powerful German economic
corporate emporium in the first half of this century was the Interessengemeinschaft Farben or
IG Farben, for short. Interessengemeinschaft
stands for “Association of Common Interests” and was nothing more than a
powerful cartel of BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, and other German chemical and
pharmaceutical companies. IG Farben was the single
largest donor to the election campaign of Adolph Hitler. One year before
Hitler seized power, IG Farben donated 400,000 marks
to Hitler and his Nazi party. Accordingly, after Hitler’s seizure of power, IG Farben was the single largest profiteer of the German
conquest of the world, the Second World War.
One hundred percent of all explosives
and of all synthetic gasoline came from the factories of IG Farben.
Whenever the German Wehrmacht conquered another
country, IG Farben followed, systematically taking
over the industries of those countries. Through this close collaboration
with Hitler’s Wehrmacht, IG Farben
participated in the plunder of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Norway,
Holland, Belgium, France and all other countries conquered by the Nazis.
The U.S. government’s investigation
of all the factors leading to the Second World War in 1946 came to the
conclusion that without IG Farben the Second World
War would simply not have been possible. We have to come to grips with the
fact that it was not the psychopath, Adolph Hitler, or bad genes of the German
people that brought about the Second World War. Economic greed by companies
like Bayer, BASF and Hoechst was the key factor in bringing about the
Holocaust.
No one who saw Steven Spielberg’s film
“Schindler’s List” will forget the scenes in the Auschwitz concentration camp.
Read also: Auschwitz:
The Role of IG Farben-Bayer
+
“Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO’s Stay-Behind Armies”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/secret-warfare-operation-gladio-and-natos-stay-behind-armies/5303061
by anomalies.net (September
03, 2012)
1940 In England Prime Minister Winston Churchill
creates the secret stay-behind army Special Operations Executive (SOE) to set
Europe ablaze by assisting resistance movements and carrying out subversive
operations in enemy held territory. After the end of World War Two the
stay-behind armies are created on the experiences and strategies of SOE with
the involvement of former SOE officers.
1944 London and Washington agree on the importance of
keeping Western Europe free from Communism. In Greece a large Communist
demonstration taking place in Athens against British interference in the post
war government is dissolved by gunfire of secret soldiers leaving 25 protesters
dead and 148 wounded.
1945 In Finland Communist Interior Minister Leino exposes a secret stay-behind which is being closed
down.
1947 In the United States President Harry Truman creates
the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The covert action branch of the CIA, the Office of Policy
Coordination (OPC) under Frank Wisner sets up stay-behind armies in Western
Europe.
1947 In France Interior Minister Edouard
Depreux reveals the existence of a secret stay-behind
army in France codenamed „Plan Bleu“.
1947 In Austria a secret stay-behind is exposed which
had been set up by right-wing extremists Soucek and Rössner. Chancellor Körner
pardons the accused under mysterious circumstances.
1948 In France the “Western Union Clandestine
Committee” (WUCC) is being created to coordinate secret unorthodox warfare.
After the creation of NATO a year later the WUCC is being integrated into the
military alliance under the name “Clandestine Planning Committee” (CPC).
1949 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
(NATO) is founded and the European headquarters is established in France.
1951 In Sweden CIA agent William Colby based at the
CIA station in Stockholm supports the training of stay-behind armies in neutral
Sweden and Finland and in the NATO members Norway and Denmark.
1952 In Germany former SS officer Hans Otto reveals
to the criminal police in the city of Frankfurt in Hessen the existence of the
fascist German stay-behind army BDJ-TD. The arrested righ-wing
extremist are found non guilty under mysterious
circumstances.
1953 In Sweden the police arrests right winger Otto Hallberg and discovers the Swedish stay-behind army. Hallberg is set free and charges against him are
mysteriously dropped.
1957 In Norway the director
of the secret service NIS, Vilhelm Evang, protests strongly against the domestic subversion of
his country through the United States and NATO and temporarily withdraws the
Norwegian stay-behind army from the CPC meetings.
1958 In France NATO founds the Allied Clandestine
Committee (ACC) to coordinate secret warfare and the stay-behind armies. When
NATO establishes new European headquarters in Brussels the ACC under the code
name SDRA 11 is hidden within the Belgian military secret service SGR who has
its headquarters next to NATO.
1960 In Turkey the military supported by secret
armies stages a coup d’état and kill Prime Minister Adnan
Menderes.
1961 In Algeria members of the French stay-behind and
officers from the French War in Vietnam found the illegal Organisation
Armee Secrete (OAS) and with CIA support stage a coup
in Algiers against the French government of de Gaulle which fails.
1964 In Italy the secret stay-behind army Gladio is involved in a silent coup d’état when General
Giovanni de Lorenzo in Operation Solo forces the Italian Socialist Ministers to
leave the government.
1965 In Austria police forces discover a stay-behind
arms cache in an old mine close to Windisch-Bleiberg
and force the British authorities to hand over a list with the location of 33
other MI6 arms caches in Austria.
1966 In Portugal the CIA sets up Aginter
Press which under the direction of Captain Yves Guerin Serac
runs a secret stay-behind army and trains its members in covert action
techniques including hands on bomb terrorism, silent assassination, subversion
techniques, clandestine communication and infiltration and colonial warfare.
1966 In France President Charles de Gaulle denounces
the secret warfare of the Pentagon and expells the
European headquarters of NATO. As the military alliance moves to Brussels
secret NATO protocols are revealed that allegedly protect right-wingers in
anti-communist stay-behind armies.
Read also: NATO’s
Secret Armies. Operation GLADIO and the Strategy of Tension
+
Meet a
Forgotten CIA Critic Who Presciently Characterized the Agency as a Cancer in
1970 Book
by Jérémy Kouzmarov
In 1970,
David W. Conde, an American journalist working in
Japan, who had served with the U.S. Army Psychological Warfare Branch in World
War II, published a now-forgotten book in New Delhi, CIA—Core of the Cancer.
Five years
before publication of CIA whistleblower Philip Agee’s Inside the Company: A CIA Diary, the book provided a damning
indictment of the CIA’s involvement in criminal operations—particularly in
Southeast Asia—and manipulation of public opinion through tax-exempt
foundations financed by large corporations that corrupted a generation of
intellectuals.
Conde wrote that, “while there seems no question that
historians will record that the CIA’s greatest defeat was its failure to
overcome [Fidel] Castro’s forces at the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, the CIA’s
greatest victory may well turn out to be not its food poisoning, its
ballot-stuffing, its coup d’états, or its mobilization of labor unions or
students to serve U.S. interests overseas, but its research grants to U.S. and
foreign scholars.”
These
scholars played an influential role in helping condition the public in the U.S.
and in countries around the world to support U.S. foreign policy interests and
Cold War mobilization against the Soviet Union.
Conde noted that, “in Hitler’s Germany and Prince Konoe’s Japan, thought police used torture, and ordered
death or [used] the threat of death to convert communists into anti-communists,
but America being a rich country, relied upon the power of its money.”
This money
had a deeply corrupting effect, tarnishing intellectual and scientific
integrity, debasing political life and causing almost all societal institutions
to be up for sale.
A Maverick
Caught in the Cross-Hairs of an Anti-Red Psychopath
David William Conde was born in Ontario, Canada, in 1906 and moved to California with his first wife and kids in the 1930s. His father served in the 86th machine gun battalion of the Canadian army in World War I. Self-educated, Conde described himself as a “lifelong Democrat” and “original New Dealer” in a 1975 letter to Senator Alan Cranston (D-CA).
During World
War II, Conde worked on Allied propaganda within the
U.S. Office of War Information (OWI) Psychological Warfare Branch under
Colonels J. Woodall Greene and Bonner Fellers. He specialized in writing and
producing anti-Japanese propaganda radio broadcasts and the development of
“surrender” and demoralization leaflets that were dropped on Japanese troops in
New Guinea.
+
Old CIA Ways
– Arms and Drugs. “The Re-Export of U.S. Weapons”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/old-cia-ways-arms-drugs/5816868
by Karsten Riise
CIA finances
black operations with arms and drug business.
It has always
been like that. In Cambodia, the export of opium exploded when the US military
entered the country. The CIA was behind the opium export to finance local
warlords in Cambodia. When the US military left Cambodia, the drug industry
subsided. The same happened in Afghanistan. When the US military entered
Afghanistan, opium exports boomed to finance US supported warlords. The US did
the same, secretly sold weapons to Iran, and used drugs to fund murder squads
in the dirty American war against Nicaragua. These things have been
overwhelmingly documented.
See also: The Bottomless Pit of War
Spending
+
The COVID Trojan Horse:
It’s Time to Move Beyond this Diabolical Deception to Understand the Real
Agenda!
by Howard Bertram
On April 19,
2023, Robert Kennedy Jr. announced his candidacy for Democratic nomination for
President of the United States. Kennedy said after taking the stage.
“My mission
over the next 18 months of this campaign, and throughout my presidency, will be
to end the corrupt merger of state and corporate power that is threatening now
to impose a new kind of corporate feudalism on our country.”
To begin to
understand this Covid Trojan Horse, Kennedy’s speech
in Berlin, on August 29, 2020 to over one million people becomes a critical
starting point.
“ I must say one more thing … they have not done a very good
job about protecting public health but they have done a very good job of using
the quarantine to bring 5G into all of our communities and beginning the
process of a digital currency which is the beginning of slavery …“ ” The
pandemic is a crisis of convenience for the elites who are dictating these
policies.”
Robert
Kennedy Jr. gave
an important clue to the world in Berlin, linking the unprecedented rollout of
5G with the so called Covid Pandemic agenda.
The pretext
of a pandemic has enabled a technology (5G) with no safety studies to be put
into place around the world. 5G along with the nanotechnology now being
discovered within the vaxx bioweapon
becomes the foundational step for a transhuman
agenda.
Bill Gate’s
(Microsoft) Patent WO 060606 that was issued in March of 2020 delineates
the madness of what Kennedy alluded to when he talked about,
“the corrupt merger of state and corporate power that is threatening now
to impose a new kind of corporate feudalism on our country”.
It is
difficult to say when this transhuman agenda to
control humanity began in earnest.
The beginning
of mind control experiments through programs
such as MK Ultra that took place in the United States and Canada from the
1940s to the 1960s could indeed be a starting point. MK Ultra and other
programs led to the use of what has been termed synthetic telepathy – using
technology to monitor the thoughts of individuals, as well as, transmit messaging to the minds of its victims. For a
select group of people who have reported hearing voices, they were unwitting
test subjects.
The technological
advancements as revealed by Dennis M Bushnell of NASA and all the
nefarious agendas that were moved forward after 9/11 beginning with the Patriot
Act to strip away the rights and liberties of We The People will be my starting
point.
In July of
2001, a very important document was presented by Dennis M Bushnell of NASA.
“Future
Strategic Issues/Future Warfare [Circa 2025]”
See also: Fighting
the Corona War and Beyond
+
EMERGENCY FREE PODCAST: This Is What
Robert F Kennedy Jr Must Do Now
https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=806546&post_id=116500423&utm_source=podcast-email&play_audio=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo4MTI5MzM4OCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTE2NTAwNDIzLCJpYXQiOjE2ODIyODc2MTMsImV4cCI6MTY4NDg3OTYxMywiaXNzIjoicHViLTgwNjU0NiIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.lbreLICF_3409uon_sorMxvBSQOWH23issGL2jMfWJM&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email#play
with Jon Rappoport
(audio, 20:55)
He launched his Presidential campaign; now he has to create a storm, and
this is how
===========
l.
US Hegemony No Longer Threatens the World
https://www.globalresearch.ca/us-hegemony-no-longer-threatens-world/5816855
by Renee Parsons
While the
world teeters on a potential WW III scenario in Ukraine with the Biden
Administration as full time participants, the US government and its
Congressional Uniparty continue to enflame its pro
war passion with reckless talk of US
military involvement against two of the most powerful nuclear nations on the
planet – both at the same time.
Being deeply embroiled in Ukraine has
not stopped those same US decision-makers from unceasingly beating the drums of
war against China. With a political establishment legendary for its refusal
to accept responsibility for another costly defeat, the truth
of Ukraine’s demise has remained
concealed from the American public as questions of US military prowess
are little more than imagined superiority.
At the same
time, the once globally dominant US economy is staring at a potential economic bankruptcy beyond
modern experience, threatening to reek unimaginable
fiscal pain and suffering throughout every American family in the entire
country. Unable to come to terms with their own past tyranny and rather
than accept the reality that the US is in an economic war with China, the Biden
Administration prefers to spin an economic challenge into a military war since
we all know that war is good for business. The 2023 $858 billion National
Defense Authorization Act included $10 Billion for security
assistance and weapons procurement for Taiwan.
Even as the
fight is on in the House to make necessary cuts to the trillion dollar budget,
it is the bloated military budget over the last two decades that has brought the country to the brink of bankruptcy. Was it
worth twenty years in Afghanistan and inflicting a devastating war on the
people of Iraq and Libya because their Presidents dared to suggest moving off
the dollar in favor of their own currency. Both Hussein and Gaddafi suffered the
same fate.
The fact that
the US has “been at peace” for a mere sixteen
years out of its two hundred and fifty year history at a cost of
$6
trillion since 2001, confirms the US as the “most warlike nation in the history of the
world,” according to former President Jimmy Carter.
Confirming how the US has found itself insolvent as wars are always budget busters,
Carter explained that the US has been intent on forcing American principles on
every other country including a US-imposed rules-based order rather than an
order based on international law respecting each nation’s sovereignty. It
was Carter who articulated the One China Policy concept and provided diplomatic
recognition to China in 1979 which is still in effect today acknowledging that
the government of the People’s Republic of China as “the sole
legal Government of China.” He pointed out that China
has not been in military conflict since the Vietnam War and with their ‘peace dividend,’ Carter explained “China has not wasted a single penny on war,
and that’s why they’re ahead of us. In almost every way.” In 2017, Secretary
of State Rex Tillerson reiterated the One China
Policy acknowledging Taiwan as
a part of China.
With war
hysterics against China on the rise, Col. Douglas MacGregor
shared with Tucker that there will be “no
war with China unless the US starts it.” MacGregor
added that:
“This is the most reckless and irresponsible
administration in living memory. We don’t have anyone who qualifies as a Statesman. Statesmanship
involves advancing American interests at the least cost to the American people.
Beijing will not allow Taiwan to become a garrison state for American armed
forces and if they think we are going to intervene to defend that island in
event of a dispute, then we will be at war with China. We are not prepared for
that; we are now provoking China over an issue that is ..
strategically important to them” like the Crimea is to
Russia.
While former UN weapons Inspector
Scott Ritter makes the point that China is creating a normalization strategy
by “ending war once and for all” as the
BRICS are exploding with economic growth and innovative technology as it “redefines the world” beginning with
the Saudi Arabia – Iran agreement. In addition, Ritter cites that with a
population of one billion, China raised 300 million citizens out of poverty as
the American middle class is shrinking.
See also: Rising
Tensions with China
+
The Most Important Line in the China-France Joint
Statement
https://www.globalresearch.ca/most-important-line-china-france-joint-statement/5816946
by Ted Snider
On April 7,
after three days and several hours of meetings, Chinese President Xi Jinping and French President Emmanuel Macron issued a joint declaration between
France and China. The declaration contained much of interest on trade, nuclear
war, the war in Ukraine, the food crisis, climate
change, and more.
But the most important line may be a short nineteen-word sentence that
appears early in the document. In a section on “promoting global security and
stability,” China and France declared that “They seek to strengthen the
multilateral international system under the aegis of the United Nations, in a multipolar world.”
Multipolarity is the world-vision and language
that frequently appears in China-Russia joint declarations. Now France has
signed a document that, together with China, offers a multipolar
world as an alternative to the unipolar world sought
by the U.S. It is one thing for China, Russia, or the other members of multipolar international organizations like BRICS or the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization to call for balancing U.S. hegemony in a multipolar world. It is quite another for a key NATO ally
to make the call.
This potentially seminal statement suggests a fundamental divide between
France and the U.S. The U.S. seeks to maintain a unipolar
world with America at its head, with no “potential future global
competitors”—in the language of the 1992 Defense Planning Guidance—and Europe
as its subordinate partner. The joint declaration suggests that France seeks to
break from that project.
A world with several poles and all countries, large or small, having an
equal voice has long been advocated by China and Russia. After his meeting with
Macron, Xi said that
Europe is an “independent pole in a multipolar
world.” It is not surprising that Xi walked away from their meetings making
such assertions. It is quite another thing for Macron to walk away from their
meetings asserting the same world view. In an interview aboard his plane,
departing from Beijing, Macron said that Europe
must achieve “strategic autonomy” and become a “third superpower.” He advocated for a Europe
that is not a junior partner in a U.S.-led unipolar
world but for a Europe that “can be the third pole.”
“Quite a few” European leaders may “think like
Emmanuel Macron,” according to European
Council president Charles Michel. “There is indeed a great attachment
that remains present—and Emmanuel Macron has said nothing else—for this
alliance with the United States. But if this alliance with the United States
would suppose that we blindly, systematically follow the position of the United
States on all issues, no.”
See also: Racing to
Multipolarity
+
Rebellion Grows Against the Dollar Empire
https://www.globalresearch.ca/rebellion-grows-dollar-empire/5816789
by Manlio Dinucci
While US Defence
Secretary Lloyd Austin convenes the “Contact Group for the Defence of
Ukraine” in Germany to supply more and more weapons to Kyiv and fuel the war in
Europe, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov
is visiting Brazil, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Cuba. In Latin America – the USA
considers Latin America its “backyard” – a project is emerging and its
development would undermine the foundations of US economic power in the region.
Brazil and Argentina have signed an agreement to create a new common currency
to be used instead of the dollar in trade between the two countries and other
Latin American countries. In Brazil, Lavrov met with
President Lula, who explicitly calls for “the end of the commercial domination
of the dollar”.
See also: Video:
Putin Just Scored a Knockout Blow to Europe and the WEF
+
The ICC Wants
to Start Arresting Politicians! I Think That's A GREAT Idea!
by James Corbett
As long-time
followers of The Corbett Report will know by now, the International Criminal
Court is that ridiculous, UN-spawned kangaroo court in The Hague that dispenses
victor's
justice at the behest of its Western backers, spending its
time exclusively
prosecuting Africans and asking the hard questions about Gaddafi
and Viagra while studiously ignoring US and UK and Israeli war crimes.
Well, guess
what? Embracing the "diversity, equity and inclusion" mantra that's
all the rage in Western institutions these days, the ICC has finally gone out and
issued an arrest warrant for a major European leader!
. . . If you
count Russia as a European nation, that is.
That's right.
In case you haven't heard by now, the illustrious international court of
criminals has issued an
arrest warrant for Russian President Vladimir
Putin, accusing him of being "allegedly responsible for the war crime of
unlawful deportation of population (children)" and of facilitating the
"unlawful transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine
to the Russian Federation."
Now, while
your average news consumer is busy trying to figure out why the ICC can't stop
bracketing the word "children," I, for one, am
too busy applauding to ponder such peculiarities of punctuation.
Yes! Arrest
the politicians! What a brilliant idea!
But now that
we're taking the ICC's idea and running with it, we're faced with a new
dilemma: who should we arrest?
So today,
let's put on our thinking caps, don our Saturnalian
robes of justice and slip into our international
law pants and come up with a list of politicians who
should be rounded up and locked away forever for their crimes against humanity.
Are you ready?
+
Watch
"Ex-CIA Mike Morell reveals, Blinken
behind 'Intel officials Russia disinfo' letter"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8WPrMqIeOM&feature=youtu.be
with Alex Christoforou and Alexander
Mercouris
(20:31)
+
Video:
America is at War with Europe
https://www.globalresearch.ca/video-america-is-at-war-with-europe/5808102
by Prof Michel Chossudovsky
First
published on February 16, 2023
Update: There
Never Was a “Secret Operation”
There never
was a “Secret Operation” with a view to preventing that the act of
sabotage of Nord Stream be “traceable to the United States”.
The project
had been discussed behind closed doors in 2021 as outlined by Seymour Hersh, but the
actual planning of this so-called “secret operation” started in December 2021
extending to its execution in June 2022 and the actual sabotage on September
26-27, 2023.
In late December 2021, National Security Advisor Jake
Sullivan convened what was described as “a newly formed task force” (Joint
Chiefs of Staff, CIA, State Department, and Treasury) pertaining to Russia’s
War preparations.
Within the
group, there was debate as to what action was to be taken regarding North
Stream. “The CIA argued that whatever was done, it would have to be covert. Everyone [in
the task force] involved understood the stakes”
Let us look
briefly at the timeline of this alleged “Secret Operation”: Late December
2021 – June 2022 – September 26-27 2022: A period of nine months:
Late December
2021: “newly formed
(inter-agency) Task force” convened
by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan
Early 2022: A covert operation was
envisaged. The CIA reported to the Task Force: “We have a way to blow up the pipelines.” i.e. which
is “untraceable”.
A month
later:
February 7,
2022: White House Press Conference together with Germany’s Chancellor
Olaf Scholz (on an official visit to the U.S.),
President Biden makes the following statement:
If Russia
invades “there will be no longer a Nord Stream 2”
June 10,
2022: (approximate date)
The underwater planting of the bombs. Biden “wanted the right to bomb anytime, to set
the bombs off anytime remotely by us”.
September
26-27, 2022
Six bombs
exploded underwater close to the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea,
destroying 3 of the 4 major pipelines of Nord Stream 1 and 2.(See S. Hersh, see map
above)
The Biden-Scholz February 7, 2022 White House Press Conference:
See the video
of the Press Conference in Annex to the article. See also The White House Transcript .
There was
nothing “Secret”. The public statements made regarding Nord Stream
by President Biden and Chancellor Scholz
are abundantly clear:
+
“The Qatargate Scandal: Could It Signal the End
of the ‘Brussels EU’?”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/qatargate-scandal-could-signal-end-brussels-eu/5816656
by Paul Anthony Taylor
With Europe
increasingly distracted by the ongoing war in Ukraine and fears of a new
banking crisis, the latest corruption scandal to engulf the continent’s so-called
‘European Union’ (EU) has conveniently dropped lower down the news headlines.
Dubbed ‘Qatargate,’ the scandal involves allegations
that a vice president of the European Parliament and other EU lawmakers have
been bribed by the governments of Qatar, Morocco, Mauritania, and possibly
other countries, in return for influencing the Brussels-based political
construct. Following police raids, arrests, and the seizure of cash, computers,
and mobile phones from suspects, some observers are already asking whether the
scandal could even signal the end of the EU. Deeply
damaged as a result of repeated ignominies over the past couple of decades, Qatargate comes hot on the heels of Brexit
and our international exposure of the EU’s Nazi roots.
The early arrests in the Qatargate scandal took place in December 2022 and saw
European Parliament vice president Eva Kaili, Antonio
Panzeri (a retired EU lawmaker from Italy) and others
detained as part of the investigation. Panzeri
subsequently admitted to being the scheme’s ringleader and agreed to a plea deal whereby, in
return for a shorter prison sentence, he would reveal the identities of those
he bribed and conspired with. A further EU lawmaker, Marc Tarabella from Belgium, was later arrested in February
2023, while Andrea Cozzolino, an EU lawmaker
from Italy, is currently under house arrest in Naples fighting
extradition to Brussels. Some reports suggest
that as many as 60 additional lawmakers could ultimately be dragged into the
investigation.
A history of
scandals and secrecy
While Qatargate is already predicted to go down in history as the
largest ever scandal in European politics, it is hardly the first one to
inflict major damage on the EU’s credibility. In 1999, for example, all 20
members of the European Commission, the EU’s executive body, were forced to resign after a
whistle-blower report revealed widespread fraud, nepotism, and serious
management failings. Far from being the harbinger of change, however, the
incident was simply a taste of what was later to come.
The Galvin
Report, named after Robert Galvin, the EU’s internal audit official who
authored it, was written at the end of 2006 as an audit of the expenses and
allowances claimed by a sample of more than 160 lawmakers. Revealing shocking
abuses, the report’s existence was deliberately covered up until February 2008
when news of it was leaked by Chris Davies, an EU lawmaker from the UK. Even
then, its contents remained secret and only a select group of lawmakers were
allowed to read it in a locked and guarded room. Had it not been published
by Wikileaks in 2009, the
report would likely still be secret today.
See also: What Is
the EU?
===========
m.
The
Geopolitics of “Soft Power”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/soft-power-multilateral-international-institutions-resources/5816845
by Dr. Vladislav B. Sotirović
The ability of the state authorities to build and maintain international
institutions.
If we are
taking into consideration the relations between IR and diplomacy, founded on
the contractual relations between the states, it can be argued that soft power
in this case mostly depends on. From the time after 1945, as consequences of
the bloody result of WWII, international, transnational, and supranational
multilateral institutions and organizations became valued by the international
community more and more primarily as a certain mechanism of the rule of
international law for the sake to preserve the stability and functioning of the
international system in global policy and IR. State authority can achieve soft
power within the framework of institutional power, by designing institutions,
agenda-setting, or creating the will of the coalition as a whole – like the
policy of the USA within NATO, for instance.
In principle,
there are five focal factors on which the soft power of the state authority
directly depends within the framework of the international, transnational, and
supranational institutions:
·
The state authority has to be familiar with the norms
and rules of multilateral international, transnational, and supranational
institutions. Most of those institutions are today still indispensable factors
for the sake of the operation of international communication and IR regardless
of the fact that some of them are unfair, corrupted, and unequal.
·
The state authority has to learn to set agendas not
merely and visibly for its own selfish interest, but as well as for more
broader public interest at least concerning the target group of the countries
for the very practical reason that only the agenda which represents the greater
number of public interest and political aims is having real chances to be
accepted by others. Nevertheless, the process of setting the agenda surely
reflects a discourse power but at the same time it as well as requires a state
authority to have strong communication skills in order to create consensus in a
group especially in the case when exists divergent and/or diametrically
opposite views.[i]
·
The workable, attractive, and finally successful
design solution for a problematic issue that is created by a state authority
during the discussion usually attracts the representatives of other states or
institutions/organizations to follow it and, consequently, increase its soft
power.[ii]
·
Credibility-saving is as well as of extreme
significance to the soft power of the state authority in any kind of
multilateral international institution like the national image in IR is a
crucial element or factor of soft power. In practice, for instance, if the
state authorities more comply with international rules and norms, usually the
reputation of their countries is rising and, therefore and consequently, they
can create stronger social and political capital which can enhance the soft
power of their governments in the international society.
·
An action by the state authority founded rather on
inclusive interests than self-interests is increasing its soft power in IR.
Contrary, selfish patriotic nationalism is becoming usually a disadvantage
concerning the accumulation of soft power.[iii]
The soft
power of any state government depends mostly on three fundamental resources:
1) The
culture of the state, i.e., its people;
2) The
political system of the state; and
3) The
foreign policy of the government.
All three of
these resources can be more or less attractive or not attractive for others for
different political, ethnonational, confessional, or
ideological reasons. For instance, soft power founded on the attractiveness of
the government’s foreign policy can be fruitful only if others see it as
legitimate according to the norms and rules of international law and having
moral authority.
Nevertheless,
there are parenthetical conditions that are the focal factors in determining
whether the resources of soft power are going to be translated into the
behavior of attraction that can influence others and direct their policies
toward favorable outcomes. It has to be clearly noticed that with soft power,
what the target thinks is of extreme importance followed by the target matters
as much as the agents.
In many
practical cases, culture is an important resource of soft power but usually and
especially by the countries of Great Powers (GP).[iv]
Culture, in general, is the pattern of social behaviors by which certain groups
are transmitting knowledge and values to other groups, and it is functioning on
multiple levels.[v] However, many cultural aspects are universal, some of them
are national or very particular to social strata or small groups (for instance,
ethnocultural minorities).
See also: Great
Powers and Global Politics
===========
n.
9/11 Revelations – Is Washington Now
Throwing Riyadh Under the Bus?
https://www.globalresearch.ca/911-revelations-washington-now-throwing-riyadh-under-bus/5816860
by Gavin OReilly
Recently
released court filings outlining how two of the 9/11 hijackers had
knowingly or unknowingly been recruited into a joint CIA-Saudi intelligence
operation, confirmed what was already open knowledge.
In July 2016, the infamous ‘28 Pages’ section of the official inquiry
into the intelligence services activities before and after 9/11 was
declassified, outlining the role that
high-ranking Saudi officials and intelligence officers had played in the
attacks by providing financial and logistical support to the hijackers, 15 of
whom were Saudi nationals.
Indeed the Al-Qaeda organisation itself has its
roots in Operation
Cyclone, a Cold War-era CIA programme
involving the arming, funding and training of Wahhabi
militants known as the Mujahedeen, who were then sent on to wage war on the
Socialist government of previously-Western friendly Afghanistan in 1979. One of
the most well-known of the Mujahedeen was none other than Osama Bin Laden.
The 9/11 attacks also served as the pretext for the US to pursue an
aggressive foreign policy in line with the aims of Project for the New American
Century, a highly-influential Neoconservative think tank which envisaged the
United States maintaining global hegemony through radical changes in its
military and defence policy, including the removal by force of
then-Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. In ominous fashion, a September
2000 report by the PNAC
predicted that the implementation of such policy changes would be slow and
incremental, and that only an event on the scale of Pearl Harbour
would allow for rapid upheaval, with such a catalyst conveniently occurring a
year later in New York and Virginia.
See also: Will
Regime Change Now Come to Riyadh?
===========
o.
News from Underground by Mark Crispin Miller
“They won't have to
'vaccinate' us once they start to 'vaccinate' OUR
FOOD—which, 'in several states,' will start THIS MONTH, according to
Tom Renz”
by Mark Crispin Miller
All eyes on
Missouri, where an all-important bill—HB 1169—would require that all food be
duly LABELED as to whether it's a "gene therapy product" (for which
God bless the "Show-Me State")
+
Pfizer Killed
Your Friends & Family for Profit – 92% of COVID Deaths Were Among the
Triple+ Vaccinated in 2022 According to UK Gov
by The Expose, 23 April
2023
The UK government has released official figures that show a shocking
truth: the fully vaccinated population accounted for 92% of Covid-19 deaths
throughout the entirety of 2022, and 9 in every 10 Covid-19 deaths in England
over the past two years.
The figures were published by a UK government agency, the Office for
National Statistics (ONS), on the 21st of February 2023.
The report, titled ‘Deaths by Vaccination Status, England, 1 April 2021
to 31 December 2022′, can be accessed on the ONS site here, and
downloaded here.
The new report contains figures on mortality rates by vaccination status
for all-cause deaths, deaths involving Covid-19, and deaths not involving
Covid-19.
By looking at Table 1 of the dataset, we can see that the vast majority
of Covid-19 deaths occurred among those who had received three or more doses of
the Covid-19 injection.
But this isn’t just an anomaly.
The figures show that Covid-19 deaths among the unvaccinated population
have become almost negligible, while deaths among the vaccinated population
have become more significant over time.
Source Click to enlarge
Record
Excess Deaths in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia — 1:1000 Population Died in 2022
+
“Epidemic of
15-19 Year Olds Dropping Dead in Schools and Dorms Across
USA and Canada in April 2023”
by Dr. William Makis
There truly
seems to be an epidemic of sudden deaths in schools across USA and Canada
recently. Here are the most recent tragic cases.
+
Brain
Aneurysms as a Serious and Common COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Injury in Young People
by Dr. William Makis
A month ago,
on March 20, 2023, I wrote a substack about brain
aneurysms killing young people. (click here)
There have
been many new incidents since then, requiring another article.
+
Doubled
Pregnancy Loss Rate, Raised Foetal Abnormality Rate
and Concentration of Lipid Nanoparticles in Ovaries –
How Could They Call This Vaccine ‘Safe’?
by Alex Kriel and Dr. David Bell
The mRNA
vaccines were released globally in early 2021 with the slogan ‘safe and
effective’. Unusually for a new class of medicine, they were soon recommended
by public health authorities for pregnant women. By late
2021, working age women, including those who were pregnant, were being thrown
out of employment for not agreeing to be injected. Those who took the
mRNA vaccines did so based on trust in health authorities – the assumption being
that they would not have been approved if the evidence was not absolutely
clear. The role of regulatory agencies was to protect the public and,
therefore, if they were approved, the drugs were safe.
Recently, a
lengthy vaccine evaluation report sponsored by
Pfizer and submitted to the Australian regulator, the Therapeutic Goods
Administration (TGA) dated January 2021 was released under a Freedom of
Information request. The report contains significant new information that
had been supressed by the TGA and by Pfizer itself.
Much of this relates directly to the issues of safety in pregnancy and impacts
on the fertility of women of child-bearing age. The whole report is important,
but four key data points stand out:
·
The rapid decline in antibody and T cells in monkeys
following a second dose;
·
Biodistribution studies
(previously released in 2021 through an FOI request in Japan);
·
Data on the impact of fertility outcomes for rats;
·
Data on foetal
abnormalities in rats.
We focus on the last three items as, for the first point, it is enough to
quote the report itself: “Antibodies and T cells in monkeys declined quickly
over five weeks after the second dose of [Pfizer Covid
vaccine] BNT162b2 (V9), raising concerns over long term immunity.” This
point indicates that the regulators should have anticipated the rapid decline
in efficacy and must have known at the outset that the initial two dose course
was unlikely to confer lasting immunity and would, therefore, require multiple
repeat doses. This expectation of failure was recently highlighted by Dr.
Anthony Fauci, former director at the U.S. NIH.
The three remaining
items should be a major cause for concern with the pharmaceutical regulatory
system. The first, as revealed in 2021, involved biodistribution studies of the lipid nanoparticle
carrier in rats, using a luciferase enzyme to
substitute for the mRNA vaccine. The study demonstrated that the vaccine will
travel throughout the body after injection and is found not only at the
injection site but in all organs tested, with high concentration in the
ovaries, liver, adrenal glands and spleen. Authorities who assured vaccinated
people in early 2021 that the vaccine stays in the arm were, as we have known
for two years, not being honest.
Lipid concentration per gram, recalculated
as percentage of injection site.
In terms of the impact on fertility and foetal
abnormalities, the report includes a study of 44 rats and describes two main
metrics, the pre-implantation loss rate and the number of abnormalities per foetus (also expressed per litter). In both cases the
metrics were significantly higher for vaccinated rats than for unvaccinated
rats.
Roughly speaking, the pre-implantation loss ratio compares the estimated
number of fertilised ova and the ova implanted in the
uterus. The table below is taken from the report itself and clearly shows
the loss rate for vaccinated (BNT162b2) is more than double the unvaccinated
control group.
In a case control study, a doubling of pregnancy loss in the intervention
group would represent a serious safety signal. Rather than take this seriously,
the authors of the report then compared the outcomes to historical data on
other rat populations – 27 studies of 568 rats – and ignored the outcome
because other populations had recorded higher overall losses. This range is
shown in the right hand column as 2.6% to 13.8%. This analysis is alarming as remaining
below the highest previously recorded pregnancy loss levels in populations
elsewhere is not a safe outcome when the intervention is also associated with
double the harm of the control group.
A similar pattern is observed for foetal
malformations with higher abnormality rate in each of the 12 categories
studied. Of the 11 categories where Pfizer confirmed the data are correct,
there are only two total abnormalities in the control group, versus 28 with the
mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). In the category which Pfizer labelled
as unreliable (supernumerary lumbar ribs), there were three abnormalities in
the control group and 12 in the vaccinated group.
As with the increased pregnancy losses, Pfizer simply ignored the trend
and compared the results with historical data from other rat populations. This
is very significant as it is seen across every malformation category. The case
control nature of the study design is again ignored, in order to apparently
hide the negative outcomes demonstrated.
These data indicate that there is no basis for saying the vaccine is safe
in pregnancy. Concentration of lipid nanoparticles
in ovaries, a doubled pregnancy loss rate and raised foetal
abnormality rate across all measured categories indicates that designating a
safe-in-pregnancy label (B1 category in Australia) was contrary to
available evidence. The data imply that not only was the Government’s
‘safe and effective’ sloganeering not accurate, it was totally misleading with
respect to the safety data available.
Despite the negative nature of these outcomes, the classification of this
medicine as a ‘vaccine’ appears to have precluded further animal trials.
Historically, new medicines, especially in
classes never used in humans before, would require a very rigorous assessment. Vaccines,
however, have a lower burden of proof requirement than ordinary medicines. By
classifying mRNA injections as ‘vaccines’, this ensured regulatory approval
with significantly less stringent safety requirements, as the TGA itself
notes. In fact, these mRNA gene therapy products (to use the proper term)
function more like medicines than vaccines in that they modify the
internal functioning of cells, rather than stimulating an immune response to
presence of an antigen. Labelling these gene
therapy products as ‘vaccines’ means that, as far as we are aware, even today
no genotoxicity or carcinogenicity studies have been
carried out.
This report, which was only released after a FOI request, is extremely
disturbing as it shows that authorities knew of major risks with mRNA COVID-19
vaccination while simultaneously assuring populations that it was safe.
The fact that mainstream media have (as far as we are aware) completely ignored
the newly released data should reinforce the need for caution when listening to
the advice of public health messaging regarding COVID-19 vaccination.
+
“Canadian Doctors Sudden Deaths Have Reached 150 Since
COVID-19 Vaccines Roll-Out”
by Dr. William Makis
These days,
there are far stronger morals, ethics and honorable behavior in the Mexican
drug cartels, than in Canada’s entire healthcare leadership.
We’ve just
reached 150 Canadian doctor sudden deaths, since COVID-19 vaccines rolled out
on Dec.14, 2020.
Canadian
Medical Association, which continues to push the toxic Pfizer and Moderna mRNA jabs on its own doctor members, has chosen to
mark this milestone with a full page Pfizer ad on the back cover of its April
2023 issue of the Canadian Medical Association Journal, presumably in exchange
for a few pieces of silver.
+ https://www.corbettreport.com/solutionswatch-inquiry/ The National Citizens Inquiry is a citizen-led and citizen-funded initiative that is hearing testimony from Canadians and experts examining the nature, the legality and the effects of the Canadian governments' COVID mandates and restrictions. Today James talks to the volunteer-run inquiry's volunteer communications director, Michelle Leduc Catlin, about the inquiry itself, what it is seeking to accomplish and how Canadians (and people around the world) can support it in its endeavours. (35:14)
“National Citizens Inquiry” - #SolutionsWatch
with James Corbett
(35:14)
===========
p.
Sputnik V
returns to Earth
by Edward Slavsquat
The
"safe & effective" myth is running out of gas.
COVID-19
vaccines were responsible for a “significant proportion” of adverse drug
reactions in Russia last year, according to the
Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare (Roszdravnadzor).
Approximately
60% of the 61,119 adverse events registered in 2022 were attributed to coronavirus vaccination. One third of vaccine-linked
injuries were designated as “serious”, Roszdravnadzor
disclosed in a 32-page
report published earlier this month.
The agency
did not provide further details.
Russia
overwhelmingly uses Sputnik V for COVID vaccination. Production and distribution
of two other domestic shots, EpiVacCorona and CoviVac, was
halted in the first
half of 2022 due to low demand.
Accredited
medical organizations and professionals can report suspected adverse events to Roszdravnadzor’s Pharmacovigilance
2.0 database. However, information submitted to the registry is not
available to the public, and Russia’s Ministry of Heath has stonewalled attempts by
lawmakers to obtain safety and efficacy data.
Whistleblowers
claim the vast majority of post-vaccination complications are never documented
in Russia—similar to how only a fraction of cases in the United States are
reported to VAERS.
“By verbal
orders (an order that is given by telephone in conversation, and not on paper),
the doctor is prohibited from writing down complications after experimental
injections in the patient’s medical history or medical records,” Dr. Denis Ivanov, a member of Russia’s Doctors For Truth, said in a
December 2021 interview with your correspondent.
Since the
earliest days of Russia’s coercive mass
vaccination campaign, the government has repeatedly vouched for Sputnik V’s
squeaky-clean safety record.
Russian
President Vladimir Putin boasted in June 2021
that “not a single serious case of complications” linked to COVID vaccination
had been registered in the country.
+
“The Worst Atrocity in the History of the
World has been Confirmed”
by Robert W Malone
with no accountability or justice forthcoming
The World
Health Organization estimates that (worldwide)
there have been 763,740,140 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 6,908,554
deaths as of April 19, 2023. This does not include additional components of the
excess mortality during the COVIDcrisis being
documented by many in western nations, for which scientists and the various
governments seems to not know what the causative agent is and no government
seems to want to investigate… Although most will agree privately that these
deaths are also related to COVID-19 “public health” policies in some way or
another. These include deaths from lockdowns (famine, suicide, violence, alcohol and drug abuse), long COVID, vaccine deaths, lack of
medical care for cancer and other diseases, etc. All told, the estimate for
total deaths from the COVIDcrisis is probably around
ten million people or more. Ten million people is a
very big number. It is hard to even fathom.
+
Watch NEW HOPE: Episode 4:
GENOCIDE: The Elites KNEW Jabs Would Kill Millions from the Start…
by Jonathan Otto
(1:48:22)
Our first
expert, Attorney Warner Mendenhall revealed what he legally could about their
court case with "whistleblower Brook Jackson's" against
Pfizer…
"Our
premier case is the lawsuit against Pfizer under the False Claims Act
representing whistleblower Brook Jackson, the Clinical Director at
Pfizer."
"We
are alleging in that case that with Pfizer there was fraud in the clinical
trials, and they falsified data showing the
shots were safe and effective…
“Brook
Jackson, as the clinical trial director, had to make sure the clinical trials
met the protocols. She states Pfizer falsified clinical trial records to get
the vaccine approved for emergency use authorization (EUA) for C0V!D…
“Brook
called the FDA and blew the whistle on Pfizer - and was fired 6 hours
later."
Why is the
Department of Defense (DOD) contracting Pfizer for a prototype project
vaccine and injecting it in hundreds of millions of people?
We
know 3 million innocent people have been severely injured or disabled, and at
least half a million are dead from the jab in the U.S. alone.
We
need the courts to do their job.
Will
Pfizer, Moderna, Johnson and Johnson, and all the
other Big Pharma vaxx
manufacturing companies be held legally responsible and accountable, and be
punished in our courts?
|
===========
q.
COVID Crimes. When Will the Perpetrators be Prosecuted?
by Mark Taliano
(17:35)
How did
COVID-19 present itself?
It was fatal
car crashes and ensuing trauma-related deaths falsely coded as COVID, it was
bacterial pneumonia, falsely named, it was hospitals getting more money for
COVID diagnoses and COVID protocols (1), it was false pronouncements of PHEIC
from the globalist WHO attached at the hip to the WEF. (2)
It was the
cold, it was the flu, it was data manipulation writ
large, where jabbed patients are listed as unvaccinated weeks after their
hospital admittances. It was a perfect fabricated pretext for a global
financial coup which continues to impoverish and kill us as the oligarchs grow
richer and more powerful.
As long as
global populations remain incredulous, fake pandemics can be fabricated through
contrived Emergency Authorizations, coding changes to Death Certificates which
falsely inflate deaths attributed to COVID, invalid testing, and data
manipulation. This is what happened to us.
===========
r.
The Corona
Wars have Engulfed the Globe: The Naive Belief in
Governmental Benevolence
https://www.globalresearch.ca/naive-belief-governmental-benevolence/5816754
by Dr. Emanuel Garcia
Those who
accepted lockdowns, virtuously donned their masks, and eagerly lined up for the
jabs and the boosters – people who think that I’m crazy to suggest that
the COVID measures adopted by New Zealand were as reprehensible as they
were inefficacious – the people who have swallowed hook, line and sinker the
lies of State over lo these many years – share one important characteristic,
perhaps the one that defines their unwillingness to think for themselves.
They cannot
bring themselves to believe that their governmental authorities are capable of
evil.
You see, it’s
that simple.
Despite a
list of State atrocities over the lifespan of our human species that is nearly
infinite, we here in the post-World War II West, refuse to countenance the idea
of a murderous power elite masquerading as government for the good of all.
But how did
such a conviction in the truthfulness of the State occur? How can so many be so
certain of the unfailing goodness of the West?
Yes, this is
a Western phenomenon – the advanced democratic, virtuous and egalitarian West
of superior moral values, led by America. It is, furthermore, directly
linked to the Second World War – and, in particular, to a myth fostered by the
Western victors, which goes like this:
In genocidal
Nazism, the most heinous and exceptional evil was concentrated. We who
vanquished this evil are therefore good, and
will always be good, regardless of our occasional peccadilloes. State-sponsored
evil is a phenomenon of Nazi Germany, and it has been laid to rest.
America in
the Fifties, when I was born, through the Seventies as I grew into myself,
provided comfort, opportunity and even wealth for the lower and middle classes,
factors that contributed to a feeling that life was good and that the country
creating such an environment was also good.
When JFK was
murdered by the CIA/Deep State of the time, most looked the other way and
naively bought the fish tale of a lone marksman and a magic bullet.
See also: Transition
from Year 1 B.C. (Before Corona). Secrecy and the New Zealand Government in the
“Year of Our Democide”
===========
s.
Video: Kary Mullis, Nobel Prize Winning Inventor of PCR
“Test”. Died in August 2019
by Kary B. Mullis,
RealHistoryChan.com, and Prof Michel Chossudovsky
A brilliant
scientist and inventor, Kary Mullis, died just before
the outbreak of the Covid-19 HOAX. His PCR duplication / amplification process
(intended as a research tool only), earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
PCR was again
recently misused to wrongly diagnose Covid and boost
the fear.
Mullis warned
us about this misuse of his PCR, and about Anthony Fauci while he was alive.
“The PCR
is a process. It does not tell you that you are sick.” –Dr. Kary Mullis, Nobel Laureate and Inventor of the RT-PCR,
passed away in August 2019.
“…All or a
substantial part of these positives could be due to what’s called false
positives tests.” –Dr. Michael Yeadon, distinguished scientist, former
Vice President and Chief Science Officer of Pfizer
“This misuse
of the RT-PCR technique is applied as a relentless and intentional strategy by
some governments to justify excessive measures such as the violation of a large
number of constitutional rights, … under the pretext of a pandemic based on a
number of positive RT-PCR tests, and not on a real number of patients.” –Dr.
Pascal Sacré, Belgian physician specialized
in critical care and renowned public health analyst.
The Reverse
Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Test
The slanted
methodology applied under WHO guidance for detecting the alleged spread of the
virus is the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test,
which has been routinely applied all over the world since February 2020.
The RT-PCR
test has been used worldwide to generate millions of erroneous “COVID-19
confirmed cases”, which are then used to sustain the illusion that the alleged
pandemic is real.
This
assessment based on erroneous numbers has been used in the course of the last
two and a half years to spearhead and sustain the fear campaign.
And people
are now led to believe that the COVID-19 “vaccine” is the “solution”. And that
“normality” will be restored once the entire population of planet Earth has
been vaccinated.
“Confirmed”
is a misnomer. A “confirmed RT-PCR positive case” does not imply a “COVID-19
confirmed case”.
Positive
RT-PCR is not synonymous with the COVID-19 disease! PCR specialists make it
clear that a test must always be compared with the clinical record of the
patient being tested, with the patient’s state of health to confirm its value
[reliability]. (Dr. Pascal Sacré)7
The procedure
used by the national health authorities is to categorize all RT-PCR positive
cases as “COVID-19 confirmed cases” (with or without a medical diagnosis).
Ironically, this routine process of identifying “confirmed cases” is in
derogation of the CDC’s own guidelines:
“Detection of
viral RNA may not indicate the presence of infectious virus or that 2019-nCoV
is the causative agent for clinical symptoms. The performance of this test has
not been established for monitoring treatment of 2019-nCoV infection. This test
cannot rule out diseases caused by other bacterial or viral pathogens.”8
(emphasis added)
The
methodology used to detect and estimate the spread of the virus is flawed and
invalid.
False
Positives
The earlier
debate at the outset of the crisis focused on the issue of “false
positives.” Acknowledged by the WHO and the CDC, the RT-PCR test was known
to produce a high percentage of false positives. According to Dr. Pascal Sacré:
“Today, as
authorities test more people, there are bound to be
more positive RT-PCR tests. This does not mean that COVID-19 is coming back, or
that the epidemic is moving in waves. There are more people being tested,
that’s all.”9
The debate on false positives (acknowledged by health authorities) points
to so-called errors without necessarily questioning the overall validity of the
RT-PCR test as a means to detecting the alleged spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Read also: Fake
Science, Invalid Data: There is No Such Thing as a “Confirmed Covid-19 Case”.
There is No Pandemic
The PCR Test
Does Not Detect the Identity of the Virus
https://www.bitchute.com/video/C8cmW5yd05qp/
PCR TEST INVENTOR calls out FAUCI
===========
t.
FLASHBACK: 5 Stupid Ideas Governments
Actually Tried (2017)
https://www.corbettreport.com/5-unbelievably-stupid-ideas-governments-actually-tried/
with James Corbett
(10:49)
+
“The
more you tell the truth, the stronger you become,” said Tucker Carlson,
three days before they fired him for it (and he was absolutely right)
by Mark Crispin Miller
(25:10)
A great talk
by the journalist (whom I once despised), and an apt comment by Robert F.
Kennedy, Jr. (another man of honesty, for which "our free press"
hates him, too)
Robert F.
Kennedy today on Facebook:
“Fox fires
Tucker Carlson five days after he crosses the red line by acknowledging that
the TV networks pushed a deadly and ineffective vaccine to please their Pharma advertisers. Carlson’s breathtakingly courageous
April 19 monologue broke TV’s two biggest rules: Tucker told the truth about
how greedy Pharma advertisers controlled TV news
content and he lambasted obsequious newscasters for promoting jabs they knew to
be lethal and worthless. For many years, Tucker has had the nation's biggest
audience averaging 3.5 million — 10 times the size of CNN. Fox just
demonstrated the terrifying power of Big Pharma.”
===========
u.
Global Research: Selected Articles – April 21, 2023
“BRICS De-dollarization Hype — But Will Reality Begin to Dawn, that Nothing New Is on the Table, Really?”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/selected-articles-brics-de-dollarization-hype-but-reality-begin-dawn-nothing-new-table-really/5816641?utm_campaign=magnet&utm_source=article_page&utm_medium=related_articles
+
The Defender : News and Views - April 25, 2023
“Exclusive: Public Health Emergency in U.S. Set to Expire May 11 - But EUA
Vaccines, Liability Shields Aren’t Going Away Anytime Soon”
http://support.childrenshealthdefense.org/site/MessageViewer?dlv_id=6361&em_id=3581.0
+
Sunday Strip:
The Modern World
https://rwmalonemd.substack.com/p/sunday-strip-the-modern-world?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email |